Try walking in my shoes: empathy and portrayals of mental illness on screen

How is mental illness represented in film and television? What emotions are elicited from the viewer? How have these portrayals changed over time? And what are the implications of these portrayals for mental health awareness in the community?This interdisciplinary symposium brings together academics, filmmakers, mental health practitioners and consumers to explore these and other questions concerning the portrayal of mental illness on screen. Across two days of screenings, lectures, panels and workshops, we will discuss a range of representations of mental illness, from early cinema to Hollywood studio films, from ethnographic documentaries to television programs. The symposium has a particular focus on women’s mental health and the portrayal of mental illness in Australian films.A key theme of the symposium is the emotion of empathy. If sympathy suggests feeling for someone (that is, feeling sorry for them), empathy is distinguished by feeling with them. This sharing of emotion gives us valuable insight into how things are with another person. This insight can lead to a greater understanding that reduces stigma and discrimination, and helps us to see ‘the other’ as an equal human being. That is why empathy is such an important concept in philosophy, politics, psychology and human rights education.Cinema and television are powerful media that can take the audience on an imaginative journey and tap into our potential to empathise with another human being. Our speakers will examine the ways in which the viewer’s empathy is elicited (or not) by these screen portrayals of mental illness, as well as the benefits and limitations of an empathetic relationship between viewer and character. In this way, the symposium contributes to the broader discussion initiated by the ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions about the ways in which emotions shape individual, community and national identities.We welcome discussion of these issues from all participants – both speakers and audience members – and we look forward to a dialogue that is open-minded and sensitive to all involved. We hope this will be the start of many more conversations on this important issue that affects us all.

On-screen supervision relationships versus face-to-face

Videoconferencing provides access to essential training for probationary psychologists in rural areas. However the unique aspects of videoconferenced communication (Jerome & Zaylor, 2000) challenge an assumed equivalency of face-to-face and videoconferenced interactions. This study investigated the relevance of power, involvement, and an established model of supervision (Bernard, 1979, 1997) to the working relationship in videoconferenced supervision. Semistructured interviews were conducted with four supervisors, eighteen trainees experienced in videoconferenced supervision and four trainees experienced in face-to-face supervision. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis, coding pertinent theoretical constructs. Results confirmed that the roles defined by Bernard's supervision model (teacher, counsellor and consultant) were relevant to videoconferenced supervision. However a further role emerged as well. Power and involvement dimensions also had relevance for videoconferenced interactions with some suggestion that the power discrepancy between trainee and supervisor was increased. Complexities arising from videoconferencing included some trainees avoiding involvement by blaming technical malfunctions, some reporting curtailed emotional expression and others reporting freer emotional expression due to the distal nature of the medium. The findings affirm some unique features to videoconferenced supervision and validate a framework to further explore the impact of videoconferencing upon supervisory relationships.

The impact of chronic illness on relationships in early adulthood: a comparison study between healthy and arthritic young adults

While engaging in romantic relationships is regarded as a normative task during young adulthood, non-normative life events such as the emergence of chronic illness can mitigate against the successful negotiation of such tasks. Chronic illness brings with it a series of additional challenges and stressors to the realm of personal relationships that are thought to interrupt the development of normative interpersonal and intra-individual processes. However, few studies have examined how young adults faced with a chronic illness such as arthritis navigate romantic relationships and the consequences of illness and relationships on psychological adjustment. The aim of the study was to compare the relationship experiences of healthy young adults with those faced with arthritis. One hundred and nine young adults (M 23.01 years, SD 2.43) took part in the study. Of these participants 41 had been diagnosed with arthritis. A univariate MANOVA revealed arthritic young adults reported significantly more insecure attachment, lower levels of readiness for intimacy, and poorer relationship satisfaction compared to healthy young adults. Further correlational and regression analyses on the arthritic sample revealed psychological adjustment was related to arthritis severity, attachment and components of coping. Findings will be discussed in relation to attachment theory and coping processes.

The impact of neurological illness on marital relationships

The current study investigated the impact of neurological illness on marital relationship satisfaction. Participants numbered 423 patients and 335 carers from motor neurone disease (MND), Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis (MS). The results demonstrated that patients and carers with HD had a significantly lower level of relationship satisfaction and sex life satisfaction than the other three illness groups. Further, patients with HD indicated a significantly higher level of relationship satisfaction than their carers. For MS and MND patients, social support predicted marital relationship satisfaction, and for Parkinson's patients, social support and sex life satisfaction predicted marital relationship satisfaction.

Cutting choreography : redefining dance on screen

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The economic impact of progressive neurological illness on quality of life in Australia

The current study examined the impact of financial costs and self-reported economic pressure on the quality of life of patients with progressive neurological illness. Participants were 423 people from four illness groups in Australia. Participants completed measures of: 1. quality of life, 2. income, 3. expenses, 4. economic pressure, 5. social support, 6. relationship satisfaction, and 7. severity of illness. There was a strong negative association between quality of life and economic pressure (but not income or expenses) for all groups. Subjective assessment of economic pressure was strongly associated with quality of life for people with motor neurone disease and multiple sclerosis. Implications of these results for assisting people with progressive neurological illnesses to cope with the financial changes that occur due to their illness are discussed.

When planes fall out of the sky : the war body on screen

I can’t keep my eyes off the war body, even though in the repeated seeing of it I feel nauseous: implicated in, and affected by, its painful coming into being. In this age of the War on Terror, wherever I look, wherever I am directed to look by the all-seeing “vision machines” that “illuminate” our identities (Virilio 1994, 70), the body of the soldier, terrorist, hostage, and victim come into troubling view. These war bodies are real in the ontological and phenomenological sense; they are also metaphoric, simulated, and discursive. In this chapter I will define and explore the complex ways in which these three articulating axis—war, in its militaristic and ideological sense; the screen, in all its multifaceted forms and contexts; and the body, individual and social—conjoin and synthesize, disintegrate and dislocate, in a phantasmagoric but simultaneously desperately real collision of power, desire, and control. My main contention will be that the war body on screen is a “sickening” creation that we have desired into being, so that we may feel, better understand, and be taken over by its terror. This terror of living ultimately helps ensure our docility, a docility required by the late capitalist nation-state; it also reconnect us to our bodies in profoundly moving and potentially challenging ways.

The influence of water and metal ions on the transport properties of Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride

A recent study indicated that the water-saturated ionic liquid (IL) trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ([P_6,6,6,14][Cl]) provided a viable electrolyte for a Mg-air battery. However, there is limited literature on the properties of IL-water mixtures as battery electrolytes. The physical properties of [P_6,6,6,14][Cl] were studied with the addition of both water and metal salts (M_gCl₂ and LiCl) using conductivity and self-diffusion coefficient measurements. The conductivity of the samples at low water concentrations is surprisingly enhanced by the addition of the metal salt, contrary to lithium IL electrolytes. It was also found that the conductivity of the IL was increased by an order of magnitude by saturation with water. NMR diffusion measurements were used to probe the behaviour of both the cation and the water in the mixtures. It was found that the addition of metal salts to the water-saturated [P_6,6,6,14][Cl] did not affect the transport properties of the water or cation.

Towards stage specific treatments: Effects of duration of illness on therapeutic response to adjunctive treatment with N-acetyl cysteine in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and often debilitating disorder in which stage of illness appears to influence course, outcome, prognosis and treatment response. Current evidence suggests roles for oxidative, neuroinflammatory, neurotrophic, apoptotic, mitochondrial and glutamatergic systems in the disorder; all targets of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). A double blind, placebo controlled trial suggested NAC to be beneficial to those diagnosed with schizophrenia. The current manuscript aims to investigate duration of the illness as a key factor that may be modulating the response to NAC in the participants who took part in the study. A sample of 121 participants were randomized in a double fashion to 24weeks (placebo=62; NAC=59). Clinical and functional variables were collected over the treatment period. Duration of the illness at baseline was grouped into <10years, 10-<20years and >20years. Mixed Model Repeated Measures Analysis was used to explore the effect of illness duration on response to treatment with NAC. A significant interaction between duration of the illness and response to treatment with NAC was consistently found for positive symptoms and functional variables, but not for negative or general symptoms or for side effects related outcomes. The pattern of changes suggests this mediator effect of duration of illness in response to treatment is more evident in those participants with 20years or more of illness duration. Our results suggest a potential advantage of adjunctive NAC over placebo on functioning and positive symptoms reduction in those patients with chronic schizophrenia. This has potential for suggesting stage specific treatments.

The Influence of water and metal salt on the transport and structural properties of 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride

The addition of diluents to ionic liquids (ILs) has recently been shown to enhance the transport properties of ILs. In the context of electrolyte design, this enhancement allows the realisation of IL-based electrolytes for metal-air batteries and other storage devices. It is likely that diluent addition not only impacts the viscosity of the IL, but also the ion-ion interactions and structure. Here, we investigate the nano-structured 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride (OMImCl) with varying water concentrations in the presence of two metal salts, zinc chloride and magnesium chloride. We find that the choice of metal salt has a significant impact on the structure and transport properties of the system; this is explained by the water structuring and destructing properties of the metal salt.

Reliability and validity of psychosocial and environmental correlates measures of physical activity and screen-based behaviors among Chinese children in Hong Kong

Background : Insufficient participation in physical activity and excessive screen time have been observed among Chinese children. The role of social and environmental factors in shaping physical activity and sedentary behaviors among Chinese children is under-investigated. The purpose of the present study was to assess the reliability and validity of a questionnaire to measure child- and parent-reported psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity and screen-based behaviors among Chinese children in Hong Kong.

Methods : A total of 303 schoolchildren aged 9-14 years and their parents volunteered to participate in this study and 160 of them completed the questionnaire twice within an interval of 10 days. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), kappa statistics, and percent agreement were performed to evaluate test-retest reliability of the continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were conducted to assess convergent validity of the emergent scales. Cronbach's alpha and ICCs were performed to assess internal and test-retest reliability of the emergent scales. Criterion validity was assessed by correlating psychosocial and environmental measures with self-reported physical activity and screen-based behaviors, measured by a validated questionnaire.

Results : Reliability statistics for both child- and parent-reported continuous variables showed acceptable consistency for all of the ICC values greater than 0.70. Kappa statistics showed fair to perfect test-retest reliability for the categorical items. Adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability were observed in most of the emergent scales. Criterion validity assessed by correlating psychosocial and environmental measures with child-reported physical activity found associations with physical activity in the self-efficacy scale (r = 0.25, P < 0.05), the peer support for physical activity scale (r = 0.25, P < 0.05) and home physical activity environmental (r = 0.14, P < 0.05). Children's screen-based behaviors were associated with the family support for physical activity scale (r = -0.22, P < 0.05) and parental role modeling of TV (r = 0.12, P = 0.053).

Conclusions : The findings provide psychometric support for using this questionnaire for examining psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity and screen-based behaviors among Chinese children in Hong Kong. Further research is needed to develop more robust measures based on the current questionnaire, especially for peer influence on physical activity and parental rules on screen-based behaviors.

The Australian screen producer in transition

The role of the screen producer is ramifying. Not only are there numerous producer categories, but the screen producer function is also found on a continuum across film, television, advertising, corporate video and the burgeoning digital media sector. In recent years, fundamental changes to distribution and consumption practices and technologies should have had a correlate impact on screen production practices and on the role of existing screen producers. At the same time, new and recent producers are learning and practising their craft in af ield that has already been transformed by digitization and media convergence. Our analysis of the work, experience and outlook of screen producers in this chapter is based on data collected in the Australian Screen Producer Survey (ASPS), a nationwide survey conducted by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, the media marketing firm Bergent Research and the Centre for Screen Business at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School (AFTRS) in 2008/2009 and 2011.2 We analyse the results to better understand the practice of screen production in a period of industry transition, and to recognize the persistence of established production cultures that serve to distinguish different industry sectors.

The “voix d’or” on silent film: the case of Sarah Bernhardt

Sarah Bernhardt is a paradigmatic case study for the joining of voice and silent film. This is because she was famous for her 'voix d'or' on the theatrical stage and because she was highly visible in the nascent period of the cinema's development. Traditionally considered an example of actress in the silent period who was 'silenced' by film, she has also been considered an anachronistic and ineffective on-screen performer. I argue instead that Bernhardt's films were not mute records of her live stage action but works that further promoted and developed her polymorphous body at the opening of the twentieth century.

Screen-time weight-loss intervention targeting children at home (SWITCH): a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Screen-based activities, such as watching television (TV), playing video games, and using computers, are common sedentary behaviors among young people and have been linked with increased energy intake and overweight. Previous home-based sedentary behaviour interventions have been limited by focusing primarily on the child, small sample sizes, and short follow-up periods. The SWITCH (Screen-Time Weight-loss Intervention Targeting Children at Home) study aimed to determine the effect of a home-based, family-delivered intervention to reduce screen-based sedentary behaviour on body composition, sedentary behaviour, physical activity, and diet over 24 weeks in overweight and obese children.

METHODS: A two-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial was conducted. Children and their primary caregiver living in Auckland, New Zealand were recruited via schools, community centres, and word of mouth. The intervention, delivered over 20 weeks, consisted of a face-to-face meeting with the parent/caregiver and the child to deliver intervention content, which focused on training and educating them to use a wide range of strategies designed to reduce their child's screen time. Families were given Time Machine TV monitoring devices to assist with allocating screen time, activity packages to promote alternative activities, online support via a website, and monthly newsletters. Control participants were given the intervention material on completion of follow-up. The primary outcome was change in children's BMI z-score from baseline to 24 weeks.

RESULTS: Children (n = 251) aged 9-12 years and their primary caregiver were randomized to receive the SWITCH intervention (n = 127) or no intervention (controls; n = 124). There was no significant difference in change of zBMI between the intervention and control groups, although a favorable trend was observed (-0.016; 95% CI: -0.084, 0.051; p = 0.64). There were also no significant differences on secondary outcomes, except for a trend towards increased children's moderate intensity physical activity in the intervention group (24.3 min/d; 95% CI: -0.94, 49.51; p = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS: A home-based, family-delivered intervention to reduce all leisure-time screen use had no significant effect on screen-time or on BMI at 24 weeks in overweight and obese children aged 9-12 years.