New criminal sanctions-inflicting pain through the denial of employment and education

Imprisonments and fines are the standard sanctions employed by most western countries in punishing offenders.  Where neither of these penalties is appropriate, the courts normally have a variety of indeterminate sanctions at their disposal.  However the general effectiveness of these sanctions is questionable.  This paper argues that the criminal justice system has been too slow and unimaginative in developing efficient and effective methods of punishing offenders.  There are ways of inflicting pain on offenders that do not encroach on their liberty or affect their material wealth.  It is suggested that new sentencing options should include the annulment or suspension of an offenders academic qualifications and the making of orders preventing an offender from working or being enrolled in an educational or vocational pursuit.

The relationship between phase and period responses to light pulses

Current theories of stable circadian entrainment postulate phase delays should be associated with period lengthening, while phase advances should be associated with period shortening. While characterising features of the rat PRC to light, we noted substantial numbers of responses that displayed the opposite pattern. Forty-eight rats provided data for 192 phase responses. Limiting our analysis to phase shifts greater than 1 hour, we found 44 displayed the expected predicted relationship, and 33 displayed the contrary paradoxical relationship. Paradoxical responders possessed significantly shorter initial activity periods, compared to predicted responders. Activity was significantly lengthened by paradoxical responders and shortened by predicted responders following light pulse exposure. These results suggest a second mode of stable entrainment. Additionally, these results indicate entrainment mode, predicted or paradoxical, is based upon activity period duration. Short activity period durations will be associated with paradoxical responses, long durations will be associated with predicted responses. We argue that, given the dynamic changes in photoperiod, both modes of entrainment are necessary to provide stable entrainment across the year.

The right to convert exploration licences to mining leases in Australia: a proposed national uniform model

In this article, the authors raise an important proposal for reform to Australia's mining legislation: a nationally-consistent model providing exploration licence holders with a legislative right to be granted a mining lease. This proposed national model will be designed to reflect the present Western Australian system - Western Australia being the only jurisdiction to provide exploration licence holders with the express right to be granted a mining lease on application. The authors believe that the Western Australian system should provide the basis for a national legislative model, given that it is designed to balance appropriately the interests of companies wanting a right to mine to recoup the costs involved in exploring for minerals, and the interests of the public in ensuring that exploration and mining is conducted
reasonably.

Not quite a brave new world: Victoria's occupational health and safety Act 2004

This article provides a concise overview ofthe Victoria's new Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 ("OHSA 2004"). After outlining the Maxwell Report on which much ofthe OHSA 2004 is based, the article examines the principal legislative provisions of the Act, especially those that differ from the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985 (Vic) ("1985 Act"). Analysis of the legislation evaluates some positive developments, as well as suggests amendments. Although the OHSA 2004 contains numerous alterations in its scheme as compared to the 1985 Act, these changes are unlikely to usher in a brave new world of occupational health and safety regulation in Victoria

The separation of ownership and control under a happiness-based theory of the corporation

Explores the happiness-based theory of the corporation, suggesting that there is no conflict between the pursuance of economic and social objectives on the basis that their interplay is required to facilitate shareholder happiness. Considers: (1) the Berle-Means hypothesis and the separation of ownership and control, the dominant governance structure for large companies; (2) a happiness-based perspective on the separation; and (3) law reform applicable to a happiness-based theory. Argues that the separation of ownership and control is not in shareholders' best interests because the structure is not conducive to the happiness of individual shareholders and should be reformed.

Recolonisation of lagoon of islands, Tasmania, by Baumea Arthrophylla: the first step in regeneration of a unique ecosystem?

Lagoon of Islands was a unique ecosystem. Damming the lagoon in 1964 caused the decline of the ecosystem, destroying the original vegetation and, eventually, rendering the lagoon eutrophic. While this took place the lagoon was colonised by a macrophyte not previously noticed in the lagoon. In an effort to restore acceptable water quality, restoration of macrophyte cover was encouraged by hydrological manipulation. Recent investigations have revealed that one of the original dominant macrophyte species is recolonising the lagoon, creating an alternative management option for the lagoon.

Postgraduate international students from Asia: factors influencing satisfaction

The growth in the international education market within the next two decades will be dominated by Asia, accounting for almost 70% of the global demand for international higher education (Bohm et al., 2002). The market attractiveness with significant pecuniary and non-pecuniary gains from full-fee paying students will result in a more competitive environment for higher educational institutions around the world seeking to improve their market position. Student satisfaction is a key strategic variable in maintaining such a competitive position with long-term benefits arising from student loyalty, positive word of mouth (WOM) communication and image of the higher educational institutions to meet the challenges of increasing global competition, rising student expectations of quality, service, and value for money. This process requires educational institutions to carefully analyse these key factors contributing to student satisfaction and therefore develop strategies accordingly.

Using logistic regression analysis with factor scores and aggregated satisfaction scores, this study examines the relative importance of factors and their impact on the satisfaction levels of international postgraduate students from four Asian countries studying in Australian universities. The study concludes that the dominant factors that impact on student satisfaction are quality of education, student facilities, reputation of the institutions, the marketability of their degrees for better career prospects, and the overall customer value provided by the universities.

The relevance of demographic variables in assessing student satisfaction: a study of international postgraduate students

Servicing an increasingly diverse international student community in the globally competitive education market is a challenge faced by Australian universities. Market forecasts indicate a seven-fold increase in the number of students seeking higher education overseas by 2025 (Bohm et al, 2002) and with the growing diversity and competitiveness of the industry, universities will need to focus on factors influencing student satisfaction to improve service quality where required.

This paper, using logistic regression, ANOVA, and MANOVA, investigates the influence of country, age and gender with regard to satisfaction among international postgraduate students from four Asian countries studying in universities in Victoria. The results indicate that there is an inverse relationship between age and satisfaction among postgraduate students while the gender of the students does not have an impact on satisfaction, and that significant differences are evident between the four countries investigated with respect to the levels of satisfaction.

Legal regulation and corporate governance in China`s top 100 listed companies

This article reports findings from an empirical study of corporate governance in China's top 100 listed companies. It examines the effectiveness of legal regulation, enforcement and remedies, finding that China's company and securities laws have not provided as string a legal framework for the protection of stakeholders im China's stock exchange listed companies as might be expected by investors.