Influenza symptoms and their impact on elderly adults: randomised trial of AS03-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted inactivated trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are particularly relevant in influenza vaccine trials in the elderly where reduction in symptom severity could prevent illness-related functional impairment.

Interpretation and feedback

Designed as a quick and easy tool to help assess the essential traits of the social and therapeutic atmosphere in forensic psychiatric settings (subsequently expanded for use in correctional facilities), the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) was originally developed and first published in Germany. It has since been translated into a number of other languages and been included in a considerable number of studies, among them a broad validation study in the UK. Following this study andthe UK Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (CQUIN) initiating the regular use of the scale in forensic psychiatric services in the UK, we have received a large number of enquiries regarding support in using the scale and interpreting its findings. In particular, many researchers and clinicians have requested reference norms that would allow them to compare the EssenCES scores obtained in their particular unit/service with the scores obtained in other settings. This manual aims to respond to these enquiries. It outlines the background and the concept of the instrument and discusses the variety of ways in which the EssenCES might be used to support research and practice within forensic services.It also includes considerations regarding the limitations of previous studies that have utilised the concept of social climate and a discussion of how the contribution of climate evaluations might be further improved in the future.

Psychometric properties

Designed as a quick and easy tool to help assess the essential traits of the social and therapeutic atmosphere in forensic psychiatric settings (subsequently expanded for use in correctional facilities), the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) was originally developed and first published in Germany. It has since been translated into a number of other languages and been included in a considerable number of studies, among them a broad validation study inthe UK. Following this study andthe UK Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (CQUIN) initiating the regular use of the scale in forensic psychiatric services inthe UK, we have received a large number of enquiries regarding support in using the scale and interpreting its findings. In particular, many researchers and clinicians have requested reference norms that would allow them to compare the EssenCES scores obtained in their particular unit/service with the scores obtained in other settings. This manual aims to respond to these enquiries. It outlines the background and the concept of the instrument and discusses the variety of ways in which the EssenCES might be used to support research and practice within forensic services.It also includes considerations regarding the limitations of previous studies that have utilised the concept of social climate and a discussion of how the contribution of climate evaluations might be further improved in the future.