The mitochondrial rhomboid protease PSARL is a new candidate gene for type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis This study aimed to identify genes that are expressed in skeletal muscle, encode proteins with functional significance in mitochondria, and are associated with type 2 diabetes.
Methods We screened for differentially expressed genes in skeletal muscle of Psammomys obesus (Israeli sand rats), and prioritised these on the basis of genomic localisation and bioinformatics analysis for proteins with likely mitochondrial functions.
Results We identified a mitochondrial intramembrane protease, known as presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein (PSARL) that is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Expression of PSARL was reduced in skeletal muscle of diabetic Psammomys obesus, and restored after exercise training to successfully treat the diabetes. PSARL gene expression in human skeletal muscle was correlated with insulin sensitivity as assessed by glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp. In 1,031 human subjects, an amino acid substitution (Leu262Val) in PSARL was associated with increased plasma insulin concentration, a key risk factor for diabetes. Furthermore, this variant interacted strongly with age to affect insulin levels, accounting for 5% of the variation in plasma insulin in elderly subjects.
Conclusions/interpretation Variation in PSARL sequence and/or expression may be an important new risk factor for type 2 diabetes and other components of the metabolic syndrome.

Can oiled shorebirds and their nests and eggs be successfully rehabilitated? A case study involving the threatened Hooded plover Thinornis rubricollis in South-eastern Australia

Although shorebirds are detrimentally affected by marine oil spills, they are often overlooked during rescue and rehabilitation efforts. This note describes a rescue and successful rehabilitation effort of an oiled adult and a juvenile Hooded Plover (Thinornis rubricollis) in Victoria, south-eastern Australia, during an oil-spill which oiled almost 1% of the State’s population of this threatened beach-nesting species. Two birds requiring intervention were located, selectively captured, cleaned and released. Both have survived at least two years after the spill and have bred, with at least one successfully fledging young. The fledgling has also successfully bred. Two nests with eggs present during clean-up operations were protected and hatched successfully. This small case study indicates that at least some groups of breeding shorebirds, such as plovers and dotterels, can be effectively rescued and rehabilitated during oil spills, and hence should not be overlooked during such circumstances.

Diet of common diving-petrels (Pelecanoides Urinatrix Urinatrix) in Southeastern Australia during chick rearing

Unlike conspecifics in the subantarctic region, which typically begin breeding in mid-spring to summer, Common Diving-petrels Pelecanoides urinatrix urinatrix in southeastern Australia (towards the northern limit of the species' distribution) commence breeding mid winter. Knowledge of the foraging ecology of this species is crucial to understanding the factors that influence its timing of breeding in the region, yet there is currently little information available. Analysis of 43 stomachs of breeding adults, collected opportunistically after they were killed in a fire which burned through their colony, indicated that their diet was dominated by two taxa: a euphausiid Nyctiphanes australis which comprised 87% of the diet by number; and a hyperiid amphipod Themisto australis which constituted a further 12.5%. Mean lengths (±SE) of N. australis (n = 39) and T. australis (n = 41) were 12 mm (±0.3) and 5.2 mm (±0.2), respectively. The importance of N. australis in the diet of Common Diving-petrels is discussed in relation to their timing of breeding and the euphausiid's potential role in the Bass Strait pelagic ecosystem.

Modelling the side impact of carbon fiber tubes

Metallic tubes have been extensively studied for their crashworthiness as they closely resemble automotive crash rails. Recently, the demand to improve fuel economy and reduce vehicle emissions has led automobile manufacturers to explore the crash properties of light weight materials such as fibre reinforced polymer composites, metallic foams and sandwich structures in order to use them as crash barriers. This paper discusses the response of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) tubes and their failure mechanisms during side impact. The energy absorption of CFRP tubes is compared to similar Aluminium tubes. The response of the CFRP tubes during impact was modelled using Abaqus finite element software with a composite fabric material model. The material inputs were given based on standard tension and compression test results and the in-plane damage was defined based on cyclic shear tests. The failure modes and energy absorption observed during the tests were well represented by the finite element model.

Drinkers, non-drinkers and deferrers : reconsidering the beer/footy couplet amongst Australian rules football fans

There is a common perception that football and alcohol go hand in hand and that players and fans routinely engage in excessive and irresponsible drinking. In Australia, this is manifest in the stereotypical ‘Pissed Aussie Rules fan’. Following research with Australian Rules football fans in South Australia, we identified three categories of fans according to their (non)engagement with alcohol: Drinkers, Non-Drinkers and Deferrers. Deferrers were selfidentified drinkers who separated alcohol consumption from spectating, for fear of ‘contamination’. Our identification of counter-stereotypic ways in which fans engage with alcohol (or not) challenges the assumptive worlds in which popular commentary on football and drinking operates. This was, to our knowledge, the first ethnography of drinking behaviour amongst Australian Rules football fans. It demonstrates the advantage of using ethnographic research techniques to understand the relationship between identity and consumption.

Embedded in the land: customary social relations and practices of resilience in an East Timorese community

Drawing on a case study of Cacavei, a rural subsistence community in Timor-Leste, this article explores the mutually constitutive relationship between people and land within customary forms of society. Patterns of land use and connection to land are not simply reflective of genealogical modes of social organisation, but are also enabling of them. Particularly, the embedding of ancestors within the land offers a means of accessing kinship relationships beyond the genealogical present. Embeddedness provides a quality of embodiment that makes ancestors active participants in social life. Constituted in the relational nexus of people and land, forms of social organisation in Cacavei have a mutability which goes some way to explaining the community’s resilience in spite of forced displacement and cultural disruption during the period of Indonesian occupation. This mutability might be considered more broadly as a source of resilience for customary communities grappling with modernising processes of change.