Is the treatment of economic loss by the Australian courts in torts cases anomalous?

The well developed economic theory of tort liability has never been able to comfortably accommodate negligence cases causing pure economic loss as opposed to physical damage or injury. In fact, contrary to received opinion, Australian Courts at least, are increasingly allocating pure economic losses to achieve predominantly an efficiency objective, with corrective justice notions relegated into the background. Consequently, it is difficult to classify these cases as anomalous in the sense of falling outside the efficiency paradigm.

Preservation of fresh coconut gratings by hurdle technique

Hurdle technology employs the intelligent combination of different preservation factors to achieve mild but reliable preservation effects. Fresh coconut gratings treated with different combinations of hurdles such as acidulants, humectants, preservatives, antioxidants, a mild heat treatment and packaging were evaluated for changes in physicochemical and sensory properties. It is possible to preserve the grating for four weeks in laminated polythene packages at 5 degrees C in combination with 3% sodium chloride, 0.3% citric acid, 0.009% sodium citrate, 0.02% butylated hydroxyanisole.

Investigation of deformation mechanisms involved in the plasticity of AZ31 Mg alloy: in situ neutron diffraction and EPSC modelling

In situ neutron diffraction and Elasto-Plastic Self-Consistent (EPSC) polycrystal modelling have been employed to investigate which deformation mechanisms are involved in the plasticity of extruded AZ31 Mg alloy during the tensile loading along the extrusion direction. On the basis of this study we were able to determine the relative activity of the slip and twinning deformation modes. By tuning the parameters of the EPSC model (i.e. the critical resolved shear strengths and hardening parameters), excellent agreement with the experimental data has been achieved. It is shown that the strain in the crystallographic ⟨c ⟩direction is accommodated mainly by ⟨c + a ⟩ dislocation slip on second-order pyramidal planes. The results further indicate that either slip of ⟨a ⟩dislocations occurs on {10.1} pyramidal planes or cross-slip from basal and prismatic planes takes place.

Electron backscattering diffraction analysis of an ancient wootz steel blade from central India

The electron backscattering diffraction technique was used to analyse the nature of carbides present in an ancient wootz steel blade. Bulky carbides, pro-eutectoid carbide along the prior austenite grain boundaries and fine spheroidized carbides were detected. Electron backscattering diffraction was employed to understand the texture of these carbides. The orientations of the cementite frequently occur in clusters, which points to a common origin of the members of the cluster. For the bands of coarse cementite, the origin is probably large coarse particles formed during the original cooling of the wootz cake. Pearlite formed earlier in the forging process has led to groups of similarly oriented fine cementite particles. The crystallographic texture of the cementite is sharp whereas that of the ferrite is weak. The sharp cementite textures point to the longevity of the coarse cementite throughout the repeated forging steps and to the influence of existing textured cementite on the nucleation of new cementite during cooling.

Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) characterization of warm rolled and accumulative roll bonding (ARB) processed ferrite

An interstitial free (IF) steel was severely deformed using accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process and warm rolling. The maximum equivalent strains for ARB and warm rolling were 4.8 and 4.0, respectively. The microstructure and micro-texture were studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The grain size and misorientation obtained by both methods are in the same range. The microstructure in the ARB samples after 6 cycles is homogeneous, although a grain size gradient is observed at the layers close to the surface. The through thickness texture gradient in the ARB samples is different from the warm rolled samples. While a shear texture (⟨110⟩//rolling plane normal direction (ND)) at the surface and rolling texture at the center region is developed in the ARB  samples, the overall texture is weak. The warm rolled samples display a sharp rolling texture through the thickness with increasing the sharpness toward the center. These differences are attributed to the fact that the central region of ARB strip is comprised of material that was once at the surface. The ARB process  can suppress the formation of shear bands which are conventional at warm rolled IF steels. EBSD study on the sample with 6th cycle of ARB following the annealing at 750 ◦C verified a texture gradient through the thickness of the sheet. The shear orientations at the surface and at the quarter thickness layers can be identified even after annealing. The overall weak texture and existence of shear orientations make ARB processed samples unfavorable for sheet metal forming in compare with warm rolled samples.

Anomalous evaporation behavior of ZnO powder milled mechanically under high-energy conditions

ZnO powder showed anomalous evaporation behavior after its mechanical milling treatment under high-energy conditions. The amount of generated vapor is about 10 times higher in the first 15 min of annealing at 1300 °C than that of unmilled ZnO powders. The strong ball impacts are responsible for the greatly enhanced evaporation ability. Low-energy ball milling involving shearing actions and rare weak impacts leads only to a small evaporation rate enhancement. The possible explanation of the high evaporation rate of the heavily milled material is the existence of large fraction of weakly bonded atoms in grain boundaries, surface defects and strained areas.

Electron backscattering diffraction analysis of a reconstructed wootz damascus steel blade

The historical impact and subsequent fame of wootz weaponry in the ancient world has created interest in what has come to be seen as an advanced material even by modern standards. Ancient wootz artifacts are classed as high carbon (hypereutectoid) crucible steels and are characterised by high strength, hardness and wear resistance, but especially by their attractive surface pattern.

Combined in situ neutron diffraction and acoustic emission of twin nucleation & twin growth in extruded ZM20 Mg alloy

In the present work in situ neutron diffraction and acoustic emission were used concurrently to study deformation twinning in two ZM20 Mg alloys with significantly different grain sizes at room temperature. The combination of these techniques allows differentionation between the twin nucleation and the twin growth mechanisms. It is shown, that yielding and immediate post-yielding plasticity in compression is governed primarily by twin nucleation, whereas the plasticity at higher strains is governed by twin growth. The current results further suggest that yielding by twinning happens in a slightly different manner in the fine-grained as compared to the coarse-grained alloy.