The capacity of criminal sanctions to shape the behaviour of offenders : specific deterrence doesn’t work, rehabilitation might and the implications for sentencing

There is a considerable gap between the law and knowledge regarding the efficacy of state-imposed sanctions to achieve several key sentencing objectives. Two sentencing objectives which often carry considerable weight in the sentencing calculus are rehabilitation and specific deterrence, despite the fact that neither has been proven to be attainable. This article examines the empirical data on whether specific deterrence and rehabilitation are attainable, and consequently whether they should be retained or abolished as sentencing objectives.

Experiment and theoretical prediction of martensitic transformation crystallography in a Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy

A detailed study of martensitic transformation crystallography and microstructural characteristics in the Ni53Mn25Ga22 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA) was performed by both experimental observation and theoretical calculation. It is revealed that there are two microscopically twin-related martensitic variants with a misorientation of ∼82° around the 〈1 1 0〉_M axis in each initial austenite grain. The twin interface plane was determined to be {0.399 0.383 0.833}_M (1.79° away from {1 1 2}_M). The ratio of the amounts of the two variants inherited from one single austenite grain is about 1.70. The prevalent orientation relationship between austenite and martensite was found to be Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) relationship with (1 1 1)_A//(1 0 1)_M, [110]A//[111]_M. A successful explanation of the crystallographic features during martensitic transformation will shed light on the development of FSMAs with optimal performance.

Textures and compressive properties of ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy Ni48Mn25Ga22Co5 prepared by isothermal forging process

A ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy Ni₄₈Mn₂₅Ga₂₂Co₅ was prepared by the induction melting and isothermal forging process. Dynamic recrystallization occurs during the isothermal forging. The deformation texture was studied by the neutron diffraction technique. The main texture components consist of (110)[112] and (001)[100], which suggested that in-plane plastic flow anisotropy should be expected in the as-forged condition. The uniaxial compression fracture strain in the forged alloy reaches over 9.5%. The final room-temperature fracture of the polycrystalline Ni₄₈Mn₂₅Ga₂₂Co₅ is controlled mainly by intergranular mode.

Crystal structures and textures in the hot-forged Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloys

Three ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys with the chemical compositions of Ni₅₃Mn₂₅Ga₂₂, Ni₄₈Mn₃₀Ga₂₂, and Ni₄₈Mn₂₅Ga₂₂Co₅ were prepared by the induction-melting and hot-forging process. The crystal structures were investigated by the neutron powder diffraction technique, showing that Ni₅₃Mn₂₅Ga₂₂ and Ni₄₈Mn₂₅Ga₂₂Co₅ have a tetragonal, 14/mmm martensitic structure at room temperature, while Ni₄₈Mn₃₀Ga₂₂ has a cubic, L2₁ austenitic structure at room temperature. The development of textures in the hot-forged samples shows the in-plane plastic flow anisotropy from the measured pole figures by means of the neutron diffraction technique. Significant texture changes were observed for the Ni₄₈Mn₂₅Ga₂₂Co₅ alloy after room temperature deformation, which is due to the deformation-induced rearrangements of martensitic variants. An excellent shape-memory effect (SME) with a recovery ratio of 74 pct was reported in this Ni₄₈Mn₂₅Ga₂₂Co₅ polycrystalline alloy after annealing above the martensitic transformation temperature, and the “shape-memory” influence also occurs in the distributions of grain orientations.