Shifts in media images of women appearance and social status from 1960 to 2010: a content analysis of beauty advertisements in two Australian magazines

Ageing well and successful ageing have become important themes to describe how older individuals should keep ageing at bay. Products and services aimed at controlling ageing have become associated with ageing well. In this study we aimed to analyse the representation of older women in advertisements specific to appearance and ageing. In particular, we sought to explore how ageing for women was presented in the media over a period 50 years and when advertisements began to use the term 'anti-ageing'. A content analysis of 710 advertisements from two prominent Australian women's magazines, from 1960 to 2010, was conducted. Analyses showed that advertisements provided a narrow range of images representing women's physical appearance. The underlying messages were that ageing is problematic and that it had become unforgivable to show any signs of ageing. Text contained in advertisements for beauty products from the two chosen Australian magazines often gave specific and prescriptive advice to women on ways to avoid losing their youthful appearance. It was concluded that media relay powerful messages to spread and modify cultural beliefs informing individuals of a range of options that propose liberation from the problem of ageing.

Asymptotic throughput capacity analysis of VANETs exploiting mobility diversity

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) rely on intervehicle relay to extend the communication range of individual vehicles for message transmissions to roadside units (RSUs). With the presence of a large number of quickly moving vehicles in the network, the end-to-end transmission performance from individual vehicles to RSUs through intervehicle relaying is, however, highly unreliable due to the violative intervehicle connectivity. As an effort toward this issue, this paper develops an efficient message routing scheme that can maximize the message delivery throughput from vehicles to RSUs. Specifically, we first develop a mathematical framework to analyze the asymptotic throughput scaling of VANETs. We demonstrate that in an urban-like layout, the achievable uplink throughput per vehicle from vehicle to RSUs scales as Θ(1/ log n) when the number of RSUs scales as Θ(n/log n) with n denoting vehicle population. By noting that the network throughput is bottlenecked by the unbalanced data traffic generated by hotspots of realistic urban areas, which may overload the RSUs nearby, a novel packet-forwarding scheme is proposed to approach the optimal network throughput by exploiting the mobility diversity of vehicles to balance the data traffic across the network. Using extensive simulations based on realistic traffic traces, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme can improve the network throughput approaching the asymptotic throughput capacity.

Movement-based incentive for cellular traffic offloading through D2D communications

Due to the various applications for smartphones, mobile data traffic is growing at an unprecedented rate. The cellular network is suffering from traffic overloaded currently. Offloading part of the cellular traffic through opportunistic contact between mobile devices is a promising solution to solve the overload problem. However, due to the uneven distribution of devices and regular mobility of smartphone users, the contacts between mobile devices are opportunistic, the cellular traffic offloading approach results in poor performance, i.e., the relay user contacts with other mobile users with small probability. In this paper, we are the first to propose a movement-based incentive mechanism for cellular traffic offloading, where we control the mobility of relay users to improve the performance of traffic offloading. The movement-based incentive mechanism contains a relay user selection algorithm and a payment determination algorithm. Comparing with existing solutions, our proposed movement-based incentive mechanism has better performance.