Risk allocation in public-private partnership projects : an innovative model with an intelligent approach

Both the increasing private participation in public projects and the critical importance of appropriate risk allocation to the success of Public-private partnership (PPP) projects justify specific research on how to establish effective risk allocation strategies in PPP projects. Partner’s risk management capability is currently the main concern to risk allocation in PPP projects. Following the transaction cost economics, it is argued that factors such as partner’s commitment and risk management structure should be considered simultaneously in order to develop effective risk allocation strategies. Based on the holistic capability-commitment governance-driven view, this paper proposed a model for generating an optimal risk allocation strategy in PPP projects. The model is demonstrated and described. An artificial intelligent technique integrated with fuzzy logic for model testing and validation is then introduced and justified. The innovative model is expected to provide a logical and complete understanding of the risk allocation strategy selection process, and to provide stakeholders with a richer framework than previously existing ones to guide their decision-making on risk allocation strategies.

The psychological and physical needs of workers impacting office design

Office design needs to be based on the needs of the most important producers of profit and value for any organisation – the workforce. Drivers affecting office design have been economics – space being often viewed as a cost-centre rather than a business enabler; and more recently, ideas that office design can impact organisational culture – resulting in the adoption of more collaborative working spaces in an attempt to force interaction. What is not always considered are the actual working styles
of the individuals and their motivations nor the requirements of the work itself. There is a need to profile not only the workforce, but also the work carried out. Recent research into space requirements for work is reviewed and reported with recommendations for better consideration of the psychological and physical needs of workers for office design.

Understanding the conditions of trust in the ALT and AMT relationships in project alliancing

This research also aims to develop a robust trust framework which can improve the understanding of the theory to support trust in alliancing, in particular the ALT and AMT relationship to improve project success factors. Research in trust within the construction industry has not yet examined how the relational signals within the five situations in the normative framework identified by Siegwart Lindenberg affect the level of trustworthiness between partners. More research is necessary to explore potential frameworks that can be used as the basis for future research in trust. Data from previous research in the performance of alliance has been used to verify the proposed framework. The framework will be developed in the ALT and AMT relationship to improve project success factors within the alliance. The originality of this research is trying to understand trust in the context of project alliancing in Australia as there are an increasing number of construction projects using the alliancing procurement method. Additionally, this research is examining the conditions of trust from the ALT and AMT teams specifically formed for the collaboration of project alliancing.

CONBPS : an expert system to improve the efficiency of the construction process

The aim of the research outlined in this paper is to develop a best practice process model for building projects based on the use of an expert system. The CONstruction Best Practice System (CONBPS) focusses on projects which are based on the traditional procurement strategy, using the JCT 80 standard form of contract. The model clearly identifies the sequence of construction activities. It also identifies the roles and responsibilities of the major parties on the building team and the issues within the project cycle, which can prove critical to project success. The system incorporates many user-friendly functions, including the provision of multi-choice icons and the provision of an on-line help function. Besides, it also provides interim and final reports which are used to advise the participants on the success factors that they have ignored and to which aspects they should pay more attention. A framework was initially developed focussing on the whole design process with a full knowledge-based system developed for the Inception Stage. CONBPS can be used as a teaching/learning tool to assist teachers and students to better understand the construction process. Also, it could prove useful to project managers and all the participants in the construction process.

Use of moral theory to analyse the ethical codes of built environment professional organisations: A case study of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of moral theory as a philosophical analytical framework for built environment organisations' ethical codes of practice. The identified moral theories under consideration are “deontology”, “consequentialism” and “virtue ethics”.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a case study to examine the use of moral theory to explain the ethical codes of practice of built environment professional organisations. The chosen organisation is the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). The approach for conducting the case study is through semi-structured interviews with experienced RICS members which gather views on the application of moral theory to explain the RICS ethical principles.

Findings – The case study revealed that there are mixed views on the use of moral theory to explain the RICS code of practice. The general view is that deontology is the most suitable theory to explain the fact that the work or process has been undertaken correctly. On the other hand, there is also a view amongst senior professionals that virtue ethics is most appropriate as it addresses the importance of both the correct “result” and the correct “process”.

Research limitations/implications – The paper uses a case study approach to examine the ethical code of one built environment professional organisation. This research does not therefore claim empirical generalisation but instead provides illustrations on the use of moral theory to explain the code of practice of a built environment professional organisation. The paper is based on a series of interviews. The findings should be understood as the aggregated opinions of the interviewees.

Originality/value – The paper makes an original contribution to existing literature on the theoretical analysis of codes of practice for built environment professional organisations. It describes research which is the first to use moral theory as a framework for analysing rules of conduct of built environment professional organisations.

The soft systems approach to understanding trust in alliances in Australia

Alliances are complex projects with high levels of risk and uncertainty. Despite the pain share and gain share commercial arrangement in alliances, Trust is still an issue between the Alliancing Leadership Team (ALT) and Alliancing Management Team relationship (AMT). Although the concept and components of trust have been discussed by various researchers, the characteristic of trust under different situations has not been tested within the procurement research domain. Based on semi-structured interviews with the members of the ALT and AMT of an alliance project in Australia the underlying trust based relationships between the AMT and ALT were investigated using the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). Results demonstrate that cognitive, affect, system and cognitive-affect based trust are mediated by common good, needs, sharing, breach temptation and mishap situations. This research demonstrates that the adversarial culture of the Australian construction industry cannot be changed by the implementation of trust principles alone. The culture of suspicion dominating the ideological view of the construction industry requires organizational learning between alliance parties to execute appropriate behaviours, aligned with the alliancing philosophy, to effectively achieve ideal collaboration.

Commercial awareness in real estate courses

 Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how and to what extent commercial awareness is
embedded within the curriculum of the UK Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)-accredited
real estate courses. It also discusses the development of commercial awareness taxonomy.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents the research findings of questionnaire
survey and interviews with RICS-accredited real estate course providers in the UK. The questionnaire
aimed to gather course directors’ views on the definitions and components of commercial awareness
and identify what skills and attributes are required for its development. It also evaluated how
commercial awareness has been embedded in the real estate courses. The aim of the interview was to
gain deeper insight on how components of commercial awareness are embedded in real estate courses
and nine interviews were conducted. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded to identify
similar themes. The frequency of the answer in the questionnaire and comments from interviewees
is presented.
Findings – The UK real estate academics agreed the most important definition of commercial
awareness as that of a “person’s ability on understanding of the economics of business”. They agreed
that “strategic” is the most important component for commercial awareness, followed with “financial”
and “process”. However, the “financial” component is embedded the most in the curriculum. The most
important skill and attribute for commercial awareness development are “ability to define and solve
problems” and “ability and willingness to update professional knowledge”, respectively. Commercial
awareness was embedded in the overall curriculum and the key element for developing it is through
having “practical experience”.
Originality/value – This project is the first to conduct an in-depth analysis of commercial awareness
in real estate education. It also develops the pioneer commercial awareness taxonomy.
Keywords UK, Curriculum development, Commercial awareness, Curriculum enhancement,
Real estate education
Paper type Research paper

Students’ views on the incorporation of commercial awareness in real estate education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review how real estate students perceive and define commercial awareness, which is one of the most important employability skills. This paper also examines students’ perceptions about how their courses support and develop their commercial awareness. In addition, it compares students’ and academics’ views on commercial awareness and identifies whether there are any gaps.

Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents the research findings of a questionnaire survey and e-mail discussions with students who are currently studying Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)-accredited real estate courses in the UK. The questionnaire aimed to gather students’ views on the definitions and components of commercial awareness and identify what skills and attributes are required for its development. It also evaluates how commercial awareness has been embedded in the real estate courses. The aim of each discussion was to gain deeper insight on how components of commercial awareness are embedded in real estate courses, and 17 discussions were conducted. The contents of the e-mail discussions were analysed and similar themes were identified and coded. The frequency of the answer in the questionnaire and comments from interviewees is presented. The findings from students’ views have been compared to published research reporting UK RICS-accredited real estate course providers’ views on commercial awareness. In addition to descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact test was used to identify the statistical significance between the academics’ and students’ views on commercial awareness.

Findings – The UK real estate students agreed that the most important definition of commercial awareness is a “person’s ability to understand the economics of business”. They agreed that “financial” component is the most important component of commercial awareness and it is the largest portion of their courses. The most important skill and attribute for commercial awareness development are “critical thinking” and “ability and willingness to update professional knowledge”, respectively. Although the descriptive analysis shows students and academics have different views on the definition and components of commercial awareness and its incorporation within real estate courses, the Fisher exact test shows that only a few elements are different enough to be statistically significant. This analysis shows that while students and academics have slightly different views on commercial awareness they are not very different.  Commercial awareness is an important employability skill, thus, it is still necessary for real estate academics to re-visit the curriculum and to ensure learning outcomes related to commercial awareness have been clearly explained and communicated to students. Furthermore, it is vital for students to obtain practical experience in order to fully develop their commercial awareness. 

Originality/value – This paper is a pioneer study focused on reviewing real estate students’ views on commercial awareness, including identifying its definition, components and evaluating the extent to which commercial awareness has been embedded in their courses. It also identifies the skills and attributes that students thought were required for the development of commercial awareness.  Furthermore, it discusses students’ preferred ways of enhancing their commercial awareness as part of the course they are studying. It is the first study identifying the statistical difference between students’ and academics’ views on commercial awareness. The understanding of students’ views on commercial awareness, their preferred delivery method and the divergence between students’ and academics’ views on commercial awareness can provide useful insights for course directors on the development and renewal of real estate course curriculum

Improving the practice of subcontract nomination in the UAE construction industry

Subcontracting is a common aspect of procurement strategy in construction. The practice of subcontract nomination has produced many problems to the construction industry in the UAE. Examining the nature of associated challenges and investigating new approaches to improve the nomination practice become more critical and demanding. An initial research on the relevant literature was conducted to establish a better understanding of the problems and possible solutions. Then, a series of semi structured interviews were carried out with senior construction professionals in the UAE to examine how the findings of the initial research apply and relate to the UAE construction industry. The analysis and findings of the interviews formed the basis of a closed questions questionnaire. The respondents of the questionnaire were mainly asked to rate the nomination challenges and the approaches to improve the nomination practice. The research concluded that despite the significant reasons and benefits of nomination, the associated risks and challenges don’t encourage adopting it. The full involvement of the MC in the nomination process from the outset and the better detailed provisions of the contract nomination clauses were found the best possible approaches to improve the practice of subcontract nomination in the UAE.

Online delivery models: students’ perspectives

The optimal delivery model for units always puzzle curriculum designers and lecturers, particularly when the unit is offered in the summer trimester and students have greater choice as to whether to enrol in a unit or not. An ongoing research project in the School of Architecture and Built Environment at Deakin University aims to understand students’ perceptions on unit delivery in the summer trimester in order to improve support for online delivery models. The five delivery models in the study ranged from ‘traditional’ i.e. on campus lectures and tutorials for each week of the trimester; to ‘wholly online’ i.e. learning materials and communications entirely through the web-based student portal. Students rated their preferences for the five delivery models with additional comments. Students overwhelmingly prefer wholly online delivery during the summer trimester despite the benefits of other delivery models and that wholly online delivery may not offer their preferred learning experience. The students’ primary need is for flexibility which can be at odds with their equal need for interaction with academics and peers. It is important that academics recognise students’ perspectives to ensure their design of online delivery models improves teaching and learning in the summer trimester.

How should adjudicators deal with expert reports in Australia?

Since its introduction in to Australia fifteen years ago, statutory adjudication has become increasingly used by parties seeking to recover payment claims which are large in amount and technically and legally complex in nature. This has inevitably led to the formalisation of the adjudication process with parties often submitting, amongst other documents, expert witness reports to support their arguments. The increase in documentation that an adjudicator must consider poses a threat to the integrity of the adjudicator’s determination. This paper adopts a ‘black letter’ approach to distil the law concerning the way in which adjudicators should deal with expert reports, and reveals there are many pitfalls that an adjudicator should be aware of. Moving forward, this paper seeks to inform the PhD study of the lead author which eventually aims to formulate a roadmap with recommendations that may be applied to help optimise the various Australian adjudication schemes for the determination of large and/or complex payment claims.

The application of Lob in the UAE: a case study of a housing project

Line of Balance (LOB) scheduling technique is a significant technique that plays a vital role in repetitive construction projects. It became more demanding in the construction industry due to the construction of mega repetitive projects e.g. housing schemes, high rise buildings, railways and highways, etc. This paper aims to evaluate the real application of LOB in repetitive housing projects in the UAE which could fill the gap as there is lack of similar empirical studies in the Middle East. The paper firstly presents a concise literature review on the application and limitation of LOB comparing to CPM in repetitive projects. Then, a case study of 275 villas housing project in the UAE is demonstrated and analysed, where LOB technique was used and monitored throughout the lifecycle of the project. The findings point out significant controlling benefits of using LOB comparing with CPM in the project and address some limitations hindering the efficient use of LOB in the UAE.

An investigation into health and safety risks associated with deconstruction

As a response to calls for making construction activities environmentally conscious, alternatives to mechanical demolition such as deconstruction, recycling and reuse for re-entering building materials and components back in to the supply chain have emerged. However, deconstruction has remained unexploited within the construction industry due to the adverse effects of barriers and challenges that make demolishing contractors shy away from implementing deconstruction in projects. On assessment of the barriers/challenges facing deconstruction it was revealed that deconstruction, like all construction activities, is fraught with various health and safety hazards. This study attempts to identify the role of health and safety risks in impeding the widespread implementation of deconstruction practices in construction projects. Afterwards, major health and safety risks associated with deconstruction activities are identified. Findings of the present study are based on the results acquired through conducting unstructured interviews with 6 demolition contractors in South Australia. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by further establishing the deconstruction field and providing a basis for future investigations into barriers of deconstruction. Further, presented discussions would provide professional implications by offering guidelines for managing deconstruction projects in a safer and more efficient environment.