Football before codification: the problems of myopia

This article examines football in the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Australia immediately prior to the codification of the game by the Football Association in England. Small-sided games, often for a monetary prize and hence according to accepted rules, were common. Recent immigrants from the United Kingdom were often the main participants in the United States and Australia and this suggests that football was deeply embedded in the lives of these people before they left home. These games were more like association football as it evolved than the ‘mayhem in the villages’ or the different varieties of public school football. The widely accepted story that rough football had to be civilized by the public schools before it could become the game of the nation and later the world requires re-examination. If this revised view can be sustained, it helps explain the explosion of popularity of association football in the decades after 1863.

Parallel developments in aprotic and protic ionic liquids : physical chemistry and applications

This Account covers research dating from the early 1960s in the field of low-melting molten salts and hydrates,which has recently become popular under the rubric of “ionic liquids”. It covers understanding gained in the principal author’s laboratories (initially in Australia, but mostly in the U.S.A.) from spectroscopic, dynamic, and thermodynamic studies and includes recent applications of this understanding in the fields of energy conversion and biopreservation. Both protic and aprotic varieties of ionic liquids are included, but recent studies have focused on the protic class because of the special applications made possible by the highly variable proton activities available in these liquids.

Corporatism, crisis and contention in Sweden and Korea during the 1990s

Debate has long surrounded corporatism’s depictions of power and the state, and the rise of neoliberalism has raised even more doubts about corporatism as an analytical construct. Faltering growth and rising unemployment in Sweden and Korea after financial crises in the 1990s seemed to confirm neoliberal expectations that all varieties of corporatism (state/authoritarian and societal/democratic) are doomed to decline, and that corporatism will converge on liberalism. Closer examination of the 1990s crises suggests that Swedish and Korean institutions have transformed rather than collapsed. Corporatist institutions have been transformed by ideas about networks and governance, interaction between national and international institutions and shifting alliances among export-oriented and competition-shielded employers, private and public sector unions and citizen networks. This article argues that the ‘dynamics of contention’ can explain how these new ideas and alliances transformed regimes in Sweden and Korea and as such constitute an alternative to corporatism as an analytical construct.

Diglossia and its practice in multilingual Fiji

The aim of this paper is to explore the notion of diglossia in the three main languages, Bauan Fijian, Shudh Hindi and English, of Fiji. The discussion focuses on situating the languages both historically and socially in a multilingual context. The linguistic complexity of the country is also described and discussed in relation to the three languages. In this paper Bauan Fijian is that variety of the Fijian language,1 as opposed to the other Fijian dialects, which has been standardised. Shudh Hindi is the name given to the standard Hindi language in Fiji, which follows the syntax and grammar of Hindi, one of the national languages of India. This is contrasted with Fiji Hindi, which is considered to be a koine of the Indian languages in Fiji. English as implemented into schools by the colonial British administration is discussed with its sub-standard variety, Fiji English. The paper is divided into several parts. Background and historical relevance with a lead to the present sociolinguistic environment are discussed. The H and L varieties of the three languages are outlined and an analysis provided as to how the languages function within the framework of diglossia.

Generating reusable visual notations using model transformation

Visual notations are a key aspect of visual languages. They provide a direct mapping between the intended information and set of graphical symbols. Visual notations are most often implemented using the low level syntax of programming languages which is time consuming, error prone, difficult to maintain and hardly human-centric. In this paper we describe an alternative approach to generating visual notations using by-example model transformations. In our new approach, a semantic mapping between model and view is implemented using model transformations. The notations resulting from this approach can be reused by mapping varieties of input data to their model and can be composed into different visualizations. Our approach is implemented in the CONVErT framework and has been applied to many visualization examples. Three case studies for visualizing statistical charts, visualization of traffic data, and reuse of a Minard's map visualization's components, are presented in this paper. A detailed user study of our approach for reusing notations and generating visualizations has been provided. 80% of the participants in this user study agreed that the novel approach to visualization was easy and 87% stated that they quickly learned to use the tool support.

Generating reusable visual notations using model transformation

Visual notations are a key aspect of visual languages. They provide a direct mapping between the intended information and set of graphical symbols. Visual notations are most often implemented using the low level syntax of programming languages which is time consuming, error prone, difficult to maintain and hardly human-centric. In this paper we describe an alternative approach to generating visual notations using byexample model transformations. In our new approach, a semantic mapping between model and view is implemented using model transformations. The notations resulting from this approach can be reused by mapping varieties of input data to their model and can be composed into different visualisations. Our approach is implemented in the CONVErT framework and has been applied to many visualisation examples. Two case studies for visualising statistical charts and visualisation of traffic data are presented in this paper. A detailed user study of our approach for reusing notations and generating visualisations has been provided that shows good reusability and general acceptance of the novel approach.

Down the methodological rabbit hole: thinking diffractively with resistant data

This article, part of a larger study, began with an inquiry into the ways a small group of preteen boys and girls with diagnosed eating disorders discussed their ideas and attitudes about healthy bodies in individual interviews. Despite applying some of the usual analytic procedures, the data yielded little of significance in relation to body and health discourses, or to gender differences. We therefore wondered whether our underlying epistemological lenses and methodological toolkit had prevented us from seeing and hearing what was happening with this particular cohort. By shifting from a predominantly feminist post-structuralist, socio-cultural approach to one more inflected with varieties of feminist post-humanism and post-qualitative thinking, the data came differently into focus, and invited closer consideration. Employing a diffractive analysis then allowed some fresh, unexpected salience in the data to become more apparent.