7 resultados para Ventilation artificielle

em Dalarna University College Electronic Archive


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A ventilation radiator is a combined ventilation and heat emission unit currently of interest due to its potential for increasing energy efficiency in exhaust ventilated buildings with warm water heating. This paper presents results of performance tests of several ventilation radiator models conducted under controlled laboratory conditions.   The purpose of the study was to validate results achieved by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in an earlier study and indentify possible improvements in the performance of such systems. The main focus was on heat transfer from internal convection fins, but comfort and health aspects related to ventilation rates and air temperatures were also considered.   The general results from the CFD simulations were confirmed; the heat output of ventilation radiators may be improved by at least 20 % without sacrificing ventilation efficiency or thermal comfort.   Improved thermal efficiency of ventilation radiators allows a lower supply water temperature and energy savings both for heating up and distribution of warm water in heat pumps or district heating systems. A secondary benefit is that a high ventilation rate can be maintained all year around without risk for cold draught.

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Projektet omfattade undersökning och framtagande av ett solcellssystem med förmåga att försörja ett FTX-system i ett flerbostadshus från miljonprogrammet med el. För att kunna bedöma storlek och utformning av komponenter har information tagits genom: Informationssökning via databaser, kurslitteratur och intervjuer Simuleringar av solceller i datorprogrammet PVSYST Modulering av ventilationskanaler i datorprogrammet MagiCAD Syftet var främst att undersöka om det gick att få fram ett teoretiskt fungerande system med avseende på både solceller och ventilation. Beroende på vad resultatet blev skulle även ekonomin i projektet undersökas. Undersökningen visade att det teoretiskt ska gå att installera solceller för elframställning som klarar av att täcka FTX-systemets elbehov på årsbasis. Solcellerna bedöms även producera tillräckligt med el för viss övrig elkrävande utrustning under stora delar av året. Det visade sig även att det skulle gå att få solcellerna ekonomiskt lönsamma om en kalkyltid på 14 år används. Metoden som använts för dessa resultat är noga beskriven och är med små förändringar tillämpbar för ett stort antal byggnader i det svenska byggnadsbeståndet. En viktig slutsats är att om fastighetsägarna kan se 15 år fram i tiden för en investering i solenergi, skulle det innebära inte bara miljömässiga utan även ekonomiska vinster. Det finns redan idag kunnande, teknik och produkter för att utvinna en stor del av fastigheternas elbehov genom solens energi.

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I detta examensarbete undersöktes möjligheten att installera värmeåtervinningssystem för ett flerfamiljehus i Hovgården som ligger en bit utanför Borlänge. I rapporten redovisas två olika sätt för energibesparingar som är aktuella för att ersätta borttagning av oljepannan som används i huset i dag. En rad svårigheter dök upp under undersökningen för installation av nytt värmesystem. Lämpliga lösningar kunde hittas efter mycket analys. Syftet med rapporten var att undersöka möjligheten och lönsamheten för installation av något av följande system; FVP eller VBX-modul som kan återvinna värme ur frånluften. Undersökningen visade att varken VBX eller FVP kan ersätta oljepannans värmeavgivning på ett tillfredsställande sätt. Med VBX ökas COP från 2,8 till 3,11 vilket leder till 17 MWh/år elbesparing. Däremot FVP kan försörja huset med 59 MWh/år men kan inte täcka effektbehovet för gården under kallaste dagarna. Resultatet blev att de båda undersökta systemen inte har möjlighet att ersätta oljeeldning.

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För att nå reella sänkningar av energianvändningen i hela byggnadsbeståndet krävs tillgång till kostnadseffektiva renoveringspaket med energieffektiva systemlösningar där samspel mellan installationssystem och byggnad beaktas. Denna förstudie belyser möjligheter med alternativa renoveringspaket med lågtemperatur-tilluftsradiatorer och värmeåtervinning i frånluften (FX). Systemkombinationer och jämförelser har gjorts med mera etablerade lösningar med traditionella radiatorer, balanserad mekanisk ventilation (FTX) och solvärme. Mindre prövade lösningar såsom frånluftsmoduler (VBX) kopplat till befintliga värmepumpar och behovsstyrd ventilation undersöktes också. Energianvändning och kostnadseffektivitet med de undersökta åtgärdspaketen prövades för två äldre bostadshus med vardera specifika restriktioner: den ena inom fjärrvärmenätet och det andra ett K-märkt hus utanför fjärrvärmenätet. Samtidigt reflekterades det över vilka tekniska lösningar som samtidigt är gynnsammast ur hållbarhetssynpunkt. För flertalet befintliga byggnader behöver såväl metoder som komponenter utvecklas på ett varsamt sätt som uppfyller båda ägarens krav som övergripande mål baserat på systemförutsättning och kostnadseffektivitet. Förstudien visar att:  lågtemperatur-tilluftsradiatorer är en systemkomponent som möjliggör ökad komfort via förvärmning och filtrering av inkommande ventilationsluft, effektivare värmeproduktion och minskning av värmeförluster i distribution av varmvatten. Renovering med installation av FX-system i kombination med lågtemperatur-tilluftradiatorer är ett alternativ till FTX system som begränsar byggåtgärderna i byggnaden och ger lägre livscykelkostnad  Byggnadsskalets täthet blir avgörande för energinyttan båda med FX- och FTX-system. Förstudien visar att FX-system är fördelaktig i byggnader med dålig lufttäthet  I byggnader med befintligt frånluftssystem kan behovsstyrning av ventilationen vara ett enkelt och kostnadseffektivt sätt att sänka ventilationsförlusterna och spara energi som alternativ till att installera återvinningssystem Förstudien visar klart att energieffektiv renovering kan åstadkommas med val av varsamma metoder som också åstadkommer ökad komfort och systemnytta, utanför såväl som inom fjärrvärmenätet. Samtidigt kan ägarens krav på kostandsnytta nås och byggnaders bevarandekrav uppfyllas. Nu krävs det demonstrationsprojekt för att inte minst sprida kunskap i branschen men också applicering på större bostadsområden.

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Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) collectors are an emerging technology that combines PV and solar thermal systems in a single solar collector producing heat and electricity simultaneously. The focus of this thesis work is to evaluate the performance of unglazed open loop PVT air system integrated on a garage roof in Borlänge. As it is thought to have a significant potential for preheating ventilation of the building and improving the PV modules electrical efficiency. The performance evaluation is important to optimize the cooling strategy of the collector in order to enhance its electrical efficiency and maximize the production of thermal energy. The evaluation process involves monitoring the electrical and thermal energies for a certain period of time and investigating the cooling effect on the performance through controlling the air mass flow provided by a variable speed fan connected to the collector by an air distribution duct. The distribution duct transfers the heated outlet air from the collector to inside the building. The PVT air collector consists of 34 Solibro CIGS type PV modules (115 Wp for each module) which are roof integrated and have replaced the traditional roof material. The collector is oriented toward the south-west with a tilt of 29 ᵒ. The collector consists of 17 parallel air ducts formed between the PV modules and the insulated roof surface. Each air duct has a depth of 0.05 m, length of 2.38 m and width of 2.38 m. The air ducts are connected to each other through holes. The monitoring system is based on using T-type thermocouples to measure the relevant temperatures, air sensor to measure the air mass flow. These parameters are needed to calculate the thermal energy. The monitoring system contains also voltage dividers to measure the PV modules voltage and shunt resistance to measure the PV current, and AC energy meters which are needed to calculate the produced electrical energy. All signals recorded from the thermocouples, voltage dividers and shunt resistances are connected to data loggers. The strategy of cooling in this work was based on switching the fan on, only when the difference between the air duct temperature (under the middle of top of PV column) and the room temperature becomes higher than 5 °C. This strategy was effective in term of avoiding high electrical consumption by the fan, and it is recommended for further development. The temperature difference of 5 °C is the minimum value to compensate the heat losses in the collecting duct and distribution duct. The PVT air collector has an area of (Ac=32 m2), and air mass flow of 0.002 kg/s m2. The nominal output power of the collector is 4 kWppv (34 CIGS modules with 115 Wppvfor each module). The collector produces thermal output energy of 6.88 kWth/day (0.21 kWth/m2 day) and an electrical output energy of 13.46 kWhel/day (0.42 kWhel/m2 day) with cooling case. The PVT air collector has a daily thermal energy yield of 1.72 kWhth/kWppv, and a daily PV electrical energy yield of 3.36 kWhel /kWppv. The fan energy requirement in this case was 0.18 kWh/day which is very small compared to the electrical energy generated by the PV collector. The obtained thermal efficiency was 8 % which is small compared to the results reported in literature for PVT air collectors. The small thermal efficiency was due to small operating air mass flow. Therefore, the study suggests increasing the air mass flow by a factor of 25. The electrical efficiency was fluctuating around 14 %, which is higher than the theoretical efficiency of the PV modules, and this discrepancy was due to the poor method of recording the solar irradiance in the location. Due to shading effect, it was better to use more than one pyranometer.

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With the building sector accounting for around 40% of the total energy consumption in the EU, energy efficiency in buildings is and continues to be an important issue. Great progress has been made in reducing the energy consumption in new buildings, but the large stock of existing buildings with poor energy performance is probably an even more crucial area of focus. This thesis deals with energy efficiency measures that can be suitable for renovation of existing houses, particularly low-temperature heating systems and ventilation systems with heat recovery. The energy performance, environmental impact and costs are evaluated for a range of system combinations, for small and large houses with various heating demands and for different climates in Europe. The results were derived through simulation with energy calculation tools. Low-temperature heating and air heat recovery were both found to be promising with regard to increasing energy efficiency in European houses. These solutions proved particularly effective in Northern Europe as low-temperature heating and air heat recovery have a greater impact in cold climates and on houses with high heating demands. The performance of heat pumps, both with outdoor air and exhaust air, was seen to improve with low-temperature heating. The choice between an exhaust air heat pump and a ventilation system with heat recovery is likely to depend on case specific conditions, but both choices are more cost-effective and have a lower environmental impact than systems without heat recovery. The advantage of the heat pump is that it can be used all year round, given that it produces DHW. Economic and environmental aspects of energy efficiency measures do not always harmonize. On the one hand, lower costs can sometimes mean larger environmental impact; on the other hand there can be divergence between different environmental aspects. This makes it difficult to define financial subsidies to promote energy efficiency measures.

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Increasing energy use has caused many environmental problems including global warming. Energy use is growing rapidly in developing countries and surprisingly a remarkable portion of it is associated with consumed energy to keep the temperature comfortable inside the buildings. Therefore, identifying renewable technologies for cooling and heating is essential. This study introduced applications of steel sheets integrated into the buildings to save energy based on existing technologies. In addition, the proposed application was found to have a considerable chance of market success. Also, satisfying energy needs for space heating and cooling in a single room by using one of the selected applications in different Köppen climate classes was investigated to estimate which climates have a proper potential for benefiting from the application. This study included three independent parts and the results related to each part have been used in the next part. The first part recognizes six different technologies through literature review including Cool Roof, Solar Chimney, Steel Cladding of Building, Night Radiative Cooling, Elastomer Metal Absorber, and Solar Distillation. The second part evaluated the application of different technologies by gathering the experts’ ideas via performing a Delphi method. The results showed that the Solar Chimney has a proper chance for the market. The third part simulated both a solar chimney and a solar chimney with evaporation which were connected to a single well insulated room with a considerable thermal mass. The combination was simulated as a system to estimate the possibility of satisfying cooling needs and heating needs in different climate classes. A Trombe-wall was selected as a sample design for the Solar Chimney and was simulated in different climates. The results implied that the solar chimney had the capability of reducing the cooling needs more than 25% in all of the studied locations and 100% in some locations with dry or temperate climate such as Mashhad, Madrid, and Istanbul. It was also observed that the heating needs were satisfied more than 50% in all of the studied locations, even for the continental climate such as Stockholm and 100% in most locations with a dry climate. Therefore, the Solar Chimney reduces energy use, saves environment resources, and it is a cost effective application. Furthermore, it saves the equipment costs in many locations. All the results mentioned above make the solar chimney a very practical and attractive tool for a wide range of climates.