8 resultados para Växjö

em Dalarna University College Electronic Archive


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Idén om interaktiv forskning innebär att kommunikation och interaktion ska ske med personer som innehar god, praktiskt utvecklad kunskap. Följer vi denna grundidé bör det vara naturligt att kunniga praktiker, som träder in i den akademiska världen, lika-ledes utnyttjar sin förtrogenhet för att skapa ett högkvalitativt bidrag. Detta bidrag diskuterar två viktiga aspekter på interaktiv forskning. (1) Hur personer med välutvecklad, praktisk erfarenhet framgångsrikt kan genomföra självständig forsk-ning inom, eller i nära anslutning till, den personliga erfarenhetsdomänen. (2) Hur denna nya forskningsstrategi även kan utveckla de traditionella forskningsuppläggen.

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Research shows that people with diabetes want their lives to proceed as normally as possible, but some patients experience difficulty in reaching their desired goals with treatment. The learning process is a complex phenomenon interwoven into every facet of life. Patients and healthcare providers often have different perspectives in care which gives different expectations on what the patients need to learn and cope with. The aim of this study, therefore, is to describe the experience of learning to live with diabetes. Interviews were conducted with 12 patients afflicted with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The interviews were then analysed with reference to the reflective lifeworld research approach. The analysis shows that when the afflicted realize that their bodies undergo changes and that blood sugar levels are not always balanced as earlier in life, they can adjust to their new conditions early. The afflicted must take responsibility for balancing their blood sugar levels and incorporating the illness into their lives. Achieving such goals necessitates knowledge. The search for knowledge and sensitivity to changes are constant requirements for people with diabetes. Learning is driven by the tension caused by the need for and dependence on safe blood sugar control, the fear of losing such control, and the fear of future complications. The most important responsibilities for these patients are aspiring to understand their bodies as lived bodies, ensuring safety and security, and acquiring the knowledge essential to making conscious choices.

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Has intra-party democracy deteriorated over time? A widely held view in contemporary party research is that intra-party democracy, especially in traditional mass parties, has deteriorated in the age of the cartel party. This common assessment, however, relies on insufficient empirical evidence, and is scrutinized in the article. The notion of a gradual progress towards the cartel party implicitly shares common characteristics with the classic theory of Michels. In order to investigate the actual fate of intra-party democracy, central aspects of Michels theory are explored over time in a critical case, namely the Swedish SAP. If intra-party democracy is declining, this tendency should be most likely to be observed in this case. Two internal decision-making processes, surrounding two major pension reforms – one expansion in the 1950’s and one retrenchment in the 1990’s – are compared based on criteria deducted from Michels. Instead of finding a decline in intraparty democracy, the results conclusively demonstrate major improvements.

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The significance of inhibition: a contribution to the agency-structure debate A central problem in social theory today is how to integrate agency and structure. The vital question is how to explain social reality by proceeding from both the notion of people doing things which affect the social relationships in which they are embedded (agency) and the idea of the social context moulding social activity (structure). Sociologists as Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens and Jürgen Habermas call attention to social practices as the ”missing link” between agency and structure. In accentuating social practices, the aim is to explain how people in their daily encounters actively contribute to the production and reproduction of social structures. This article puts forth the posthumous contribution of George Herbert Mead to the agency-structure debate. I argue that his social pragmatist theory gives us a compound and thorough– but not fully recognized – explanation of the dynamics and the course of events in structurally framed encounters. By especially emphasizing the importance Mead ascribes to the inhibited social act, I examine how his theory deepens the understanding of social practices as a bridge between agency and structure.

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The Norrliden project. Genderisation and ethnification of a low status residential area in the local press Media often contributes to segregation by constructing low status residential areas as “different” from what is “normal” and “Swedish”. Research into media representations of these residential areas often focuses big city contexts. Furthermore, research tends to be preoccupied with the construction of ethnic differences, paying little attention to the relationship between construction processes of gender and ethnicity. This article is a critical analysis of how the local daily newspapers in a medium sized town, Kalmar, construct stereotypes of immigrants and gendered identities in the low status residential area Norrliden. Two newspapers were studied in search for articles related to the area, published during the year 2005. Despite the newspapers’ claim that they want to contribute to a more nuanced and less stereotyped image of the residential area the consequences of their work seem to be the opposite. The representation sof the area are coded with stereotypes suggesting that the area is unsafe and dangerous and that the people who live there are motivated by affect and emotions rather than by successful socialisation. These representations are also characterised by notions of ethnicity and gender, as well as class. Norrliden is described as an area in need of change and improvement, as an unfinished project dependent upon aid from the outside. A reading of the 2005 media representations of Norrliden exposes an example of “symbolic violence” in that texts and photographs repeatedly degrade the area and its inhabitants.

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This dissertation is a case study dealing with a school development project that took place in an upper secondary school as a result of a merger of two schools with different cultures. The project used a method called “Frirumsmodellen” and was planned to be conducted in three steps. The first was to carry out a cultural analysis in order to map the preconditions to start a school development project. The second was to carry out concrete actions and finally study eventual effects from such activities by doing a second cultural analysis. My role was to be a supervisor in the school development work, but at the same time study how this work was conducted and its impact in the ordinary school day. The dissertation takes its departure in the fact that schools are political governed. The mission of schools is never neutral; it is always an expression of behind laying social forces, ideologies and ideals of the contemporary society. Of this reason, there is a close connection between the macro political level and the micro political level. Another point of departure is the transition from a modern to a post modern society that gives the character to the changes that take place in schools. Steering of schools has partly been treated as a technical implementation problem. Schools contain on going conflicts between different interest groups that, more or less regularly, end up in educational reforms. These reforms generate school development activities in the single school. Undoubtedly, this makes school development to a complex process. At a rather late stage of the study I decided not to fulfil my task to follow the original plan. I instead let the school development project as a model to be in focus. The over all purpose was formulated: How is it possible to understand what happened in the school development project in the Falkgymnasiet and why was it not possible to carry it out as it was said in the project plan? To interpret what took place during the project I did create an interpretation frame of implementation and complexity theory that also made it possible to critically scrutinise the “Frirumsmodellen”. Already in an early stage of the process it was obvious that the “Frirumsmodellen” did not supply any tools to use and it became disconnected from the project. The project in it selves was marginalised and made invisible. The headmaster used the situation to change things she thought were important to develop. As a result, things happened, but most of the involved people did not at first hand connect this to the project. It is, of course, difficult in detail to say what caused what. The complexity theory successively made the hidden patterns revealed, hidden unofficial potentates visible, as well as unpredictable conditions that generated reactions from the personnel in front of a development work. Together this was rather efficient obstacles for not changing this school. I also discuss school development and implementation problems on a general level, for example, the possibility to transform a top-down initiated project to be bottom-up driven and using project as a tool for school development work. It was obvious that headmasters and teachers must be prepared to handle the ideological dimensions of problems schools have to face. Consequently, development work is about making problems visible and to handle these in the intersection point between the intentions of educational policies, pedagogical researchers, school administrators, headmasters, teachers and pupils. The ideological dimension also contains an existential issue. Do I as a teacher share the intentions for the development work? If not, how must I act?

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Sammanfattning Socialstyrelsen har initierat ett utvecklingsarbete i fem kommuner i syfte att samordna stödet till barn under 18 år och föräldrar i familjer där föräldrar har problem med riskbruk/missbruk. Arbetet skulle särskilt stärka helhetssynen och samverkan mellan enheter i kommunen som har ansvar för barn, ungdom och familj respektive missbruk och beroende. Med helhetssyn avses här att se barns och vuxnas individuella behov, men även som familj, när det gäller socialtjänstens arbete med att upptäcka missbruk bland föräldrar, utreda, ge insatser och följa upp. Utvärderingen, som om avser tiden november 2012 till september 2014., avser såväl själva utvecklingsarbetet (processen) som dess resultat. Det kan med utvärderingstermer benämnas programteoriutvärdering och som genererat tre övergripande frågeställningar: Har kommunerna genomfört vad de föresatt sig göra? Har de uppnått de mål som de satt upp? Vilka förhållanden hindrar alternativt befrämjar ett familjeperspektiv i socialtjänstens arbete med barn och vuxna? För analys och tolkning av resultaten har implementeringsteori och teorier kring organisation och samverkan använts. Två år är en kort tid för att ett utvecklingsarbete av den här omfattningen ska ge några synbara avtryck i verksamheterna och framförallt innebära något för brukarna/ klienterna. I två kommuner har arbetet fått ett sådant genomslag att även klienterna kunnat tillfrågas om upplevelsen av samordningen samt om och hur arbetet inneburit någon förändring för dem. I en kommun har arbetet inte gett några större avtryck vare sig i organisationen eller för klienterna. I två kommuner har det inneburit viss utveckling av samarbete och samordning på professions- och verksamhetsnivå. Alla fem kommuner har fullföljt projektet och har en ambition att fortsätta utvecklingsarbetet. Målsättningen att pröva de samordnande insatserna i större skala har omsatts i en av de deltagande kommunerna. Det kan konstateras att de i teorin beskrivna hindren även förekommer i detta projekt. Det gäller exempelvis brister i kommuniceringen, hur samordnandet och uppföljningen med familjen faktiskt ska gå till, hög personalomsättning, hög arbetsbelastning och brister i ledningsstöd. Att enheterna är lokaliserade på olika ställen eller organiserade i olika förvaltningar är andra hinder. Framgångsfaktorer har varit fungerande arbetsledarskap och förankring på flera nivåer. Ledare som tar aktiv del och lyssnar och lär. Att det finns mottagningsfunktioner på bägge enheterna inom respektive kommun banar vägen för samverkan när det gäller upptäckt och utredning. Att testa en samordningsmodell i några pilotärenden förefaller vara ett bra sätt att förbereda sig innan implementering sker i större skala. Att utbyta erfarenheter med andra kommuner har visat sig verkningsfullt. Det finns flera exempel på hur kommunerna av lärt varandra och även använt varandra i utvecklingsarbetet. Optimistiska, erfarna och uthålliga projektmedarbetare med tydliga mandat som leder implementeringen är en framgångsfaktor, liksom att utgå från faktiska behov av förändringar i organisationen. Tre förhållanden som identifierats som hindrande eller försvårande av ett samordnat arbetssätt kan sammankopplats med lagstiftning och organisationsformer. Utredning och insats går inte alltid i fas med varandra tidsmässigt på vuxenheten och enheten för barn och unga. Enligt socialtjänstlagen ska en barnutredning vara slutförd inom fyra månader och en förhandbedömning ska vara gjord inom 14 dagar (SOL 11:2). Sådana tidsgränser formuleras inte för vuxenärenden. Barnutredningen kan avslutas utan insats med hänvisning till att det finns en fungerande förälder och vuxenutredningen likaså, därför att den vuxne inte är motiverad att göra något åt sitt missbruk. Själva arbetets organiserande gör att det finns flera ärenden i en familj som inte synkroniseras. Slutligen diskuteras resultatet utifrån den vedertagna metaforen stuprör. De flesta kommuner i Sverige har en specialiserad organisation. I en sådan organisation flyter barnärendena i ett stuprör och vuxenärenden i ett annat. Utöver detta införs här metaforerna hängrännor och rännkrokar. Hängrännor behövs för att möjliggöra ett helhetsperspektiv på familjen, i hängrännorna blandas ärendena. Rännkrokar slutligen ses som strukturerna i organisationen som underlättar de blandade ärendeflödena. De samordningsmodeller som kommunerna prövat kan liknas vid försök att montera upp hängrännor.