Spädbarnsdöd i Västsverige : en studie av spädbarnsdödligheten i Bollebygd, Morlanda och Karl Johans församling under två perioder på 1800-talet

Uppsatsen syfte var att studera spädbarnsdödlighet i tre olikartade västsvenska miljöer under två perioder på 1800-talet. Områdena är Bollebygd, Morlanda och Karl Johans församling i Göteborg och representerar alla olika miljöer (Bollebygd – landsbygd, Morlanda – kust och Karl Johan - stadsmiljö) där spädbarnsdödligheten enligt tidigare forskning har varit av olika omfattning och karaktär. Den primära frågeställningen är hur de yttre omständigheterna påverkar de allra minsta barnen. Ett sekundärt syfte var att försöka utröna vilka uppfödningsvanor som var dominerande. De primärkällor som används är dels födelse- och dopböcker samt provinsialläkarrapporter. Studiens tydliga mönster är att spädbarnsdödligheten var högre i staden (Karl Johan) men att den ändå inte var så hög som väntat i jämförelse med övriga städer i riket. I jämförelse med riks¬genomsnittet uppvisar både Morlanda och Bollebygd en låg spädbarnsdödlighet. Genom att se hur spädbarnsdödligheten fördelar sig över årstiderna och över det första levnadsåret samt vilka dödsorsaker som finns angivna kan med viss försiktighet antas att spädbarnen ofta ammades i alla fall upp till tre månaders ålder. Ett annat resultat av studien är att flickorna i alla undersöknings¬områden och perioder utom ett uppvisar en överdödlighet i jämförelse med pojkarna, vilket är anmärkningsvärt då pojkarna i de allra flesta fall brukar ha en överdödlighet.

Building a Learning Architecture : e-Learning and e-Services

With the rapid advancement of the webtechnology, more and more educationalresources, including software applications forteaching/learning methods, are available acrossthe web, which enables learners to access thelearning materials and use various ways oflearning at any time and any place. Moreover,various web-based teaching/learning approacheshave been developed during the last decade toenhance the capability of both educators andlearners. Particularly, researchers from bothcomputer science and education are workingtogether, collaboratively focusing ondevelopment of pedagogically enablingtechnologies which are believed to improve theinfrastructure of education systems andprocesses, including curriculum developmentmodels, teaching/learning methods, managementof educational resources, systematic organizationof communication and dissemination ofknowledge and skills required by and adapted tousers. Despite of its fast development, however,there are still great gaps between learningintentions, organization of supporting resources,management of educational structures,knowledge points to be learned and interknowledgepoint relationships such as prerequisites,assessment of learning outcomes, andtechnical and pedagogic approaches. Moreconcretely, the issues have been widelyaddressed in literature include a) availability andusefulness of resources, b) smooth integration ofvarious resources and their presentation, c)learners’ requirements and supposed learningoutcomes, d) automation of learning process interms of its schedule and interaction, and e)customization of the resources and agilemanagement of the learning services for deliveryas well as necessary human interferences.Considering these problems and bearing in mindthe advanced web technology of which weshould make full use, in this report we willaddress the following two aspects of systematicarchitecture of learning/teaching systems: 1)learning objects – a semantic description andorganization of learning resources using the webservice models and methods, and 2) learningservices discovery and learning goals match foreducational coordination and learning serviceplanning.

Nurses' research utilization two years after graduation : a national survey ofassociated individual, organizational, and educational factors

Background. Nurses' research utilization (RU) as part of evidence-based practice is strongly emphasized in today's nursing education and clinical practice. The primary aim of RU is to provide high-quality nursing care to patients. Data on newly graduated nurses' RU are scarce, but a predominance of low use has been reported in recent studies. Factors associated with nurses' RU have previously been identified among individual and organizational/contextual factors, but there is a lack of knowledge about how these factors, including educational ones, interact with each other and with RU, particularly in nurses during the first years after graduation. The purpose of this study was therefore to identify factors that predict the probability for low RU among registered nurses two years after graduation. Methods. Data were collected as part of the LANE study (Longitudinal Analysis of Nursing Education), a Swedish national survey of nursing students and registered nurses. Data on nurses' instrumental, conceptual, and persuasive RU were collected two years after graduation (2007, n = 845), together with data on work contextual factors. Data on individual and educational factors were collected in the first year (2002) and last term of education (2004). Guided by an analytic schedule, bivariate analyses, followed by logistic regression modeling, were applied. Results. Of the variables associated with RU in the bivariate analyses, six were found to be significantly related to low RU in the final logistic regression model: work in the psychiatric setting, role ambiguity, sufficient staffing, low work challenge, being male, and low student activity. Conclusions. A number of factors associated with nurses' low extent of RU two years postgraduation were found, most of them potentially modifiable. These findings illustrate the multitude of factors related to low RU extent and take their interrelationships into account. This knowledge might serve as useful input in planning future studies aiming to improve nurses', specifically newly graduated nurses', RU.