Understanding Foreign Masters : the examples of Rabindranath Tagore and Fyodor Dostoyevskiy

The Indian author Rabindranath Tagore was received like royalty during his visits to the West after winning the Nobel Prize in 1913. Dreams of foreign cultures offered a retreat from a complicated age. In a time when the West appeared to be living under threat of disintegration and when industrialism seemed like a cul-de-sac, he appeared to offer the promise of a return to a lost paradise, a spiritual abode that is superior to the restless Western culture. However, Tagore’s popularity faded rapidly, most notably in England, the main target of his criticism. Soon after Tagore had won the Nobel Prize, the English became indignant at Tagore’s anti-colonial attitude.Tagore visited Sweden in 1921 and 1926 and was given a warm reception. His visits to Sweden can be seen as an episode in a longer chain of events. It brought to life old conceptions of India as the abode of spirituality on earth. Nevertheless, interest in him was a relatively short-lived phenomenon in Sweden. Only a few of his admirers in Sweden appreciated the complexity of Tagore’s achievements. His “anathema of mammonism”, as a Swedish newspaper called it, was not properly received. After a steady stream of translations his popularity flagged towards the end of the 1920s and then almost disappeared entirely. Tagores visits in Sweden gave an indication that India was on the way to liberate itself from its colonial legacy, which consequently contributed to the waning of his popularity in the West. In the long run, his criticism of the drawbacks in the western world became too obvious to maintain permanent interest. The Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevskiy’s Crime and Punishment (1866) has enticed numerous interpretations such as the purely biographical approach. In the nervous main character of the novel, the young student Raskolnikov, one easily recognizes Dostoyevskiy himself. The novel can also be seen as a masterpiece of realistic fiction. It gives a broad picture of Saint Petersburg, a metropolis in decay. Crime and Punishment can also be seen as one of the first examples of a modern psychological novel, since it is focused on the inner drama of its main character, the young student Raskolnikov. His actions seem to be governed by mere coincidences, dreams and the spur of the moment. it seems fruitful to study the novel from a psychoanalytical approach. In his book Raskolnikov: the way of the divided towards unity in Crime and Punishment (1982), a Swedish scholar, Owe Wikström, has followed this line of interpretation all the way to Freud’s disciple C G Jung. In addition to this, the novel functions as an exciting crime story. To a large extent it is Viktor Sjklovskij and other Russian formalists from the 1920s and onwards who have taught the western audience to understand the specific nature of the crime story. The novel could be seen as a story about religious conversion. Like Lasarus in the Bible (whose story attracts a lot of attention in the novel) Raskolnikov is awakened from the dead, and together with Sonja he starts a completely new life. The theme of conversion has a special meaning for Dostoyevskiy. For him the conversion meant an acknowledgement of the specific nature of Russia itself. Crime and punishment mirrors the conflict between traditional Russian values and western influences that has been obvious in Russia throughout the history of the country. The novel reflects a dialogue that still continues in Russian society. The Russian literary historian Mikhail Bakhtin, who is probably the most famous interpreter of the works of Dostoyevskiy, has become famous precisely by emphasizing the importance of dialogues in novels like Crime and Punishment. According to Bakhtin, this novel is characterized by its multitude of voices. Various ideas are confronted with each other, and each one of them is personified by one of the characters in the novel. The author has resigned from his position as the superior monitor of the text, and he leaves it to the reader to decide what interpretation is the correct one..The aim of the present study is thus to analyze the complex reactions in the west to Tagore’s visits in Sweden and to Fyodor Dostoyevskiys novel Crime and Punishment.. This leads to more general conclusions on communication between cultures.

Atsuko Suga: Vivir en el viaje entre dos mundos

Atsuko Suga –Vivir entre dos culturas y dos idiomas Atsuko Suga (1929-1998) es la autora/traductora japonesa, que merece el título de un viajero entre Europa y Japón más que nadie  en el tiempo moderno. Su primer viaje a Europa fue en 1953 para estudiar en Francia. La época era después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y ella era de la primera generación de las mujeres japonesas que estudiaba en Europa. Sin embargo, su conexión más fuerte con Europa era con Italia. Después de haber vuelto a Japón en el año 1955, se trasladó a Roma, primero para estudiar Sociología pero después cambiando el campo de estudio a literatura. Sin embargo Suga no era una estudiante extranjera cualquiera, como su interés estaba en uno de los movimientos sociales en Italia en esta época, Liberalismo Católico. Siendo católica ella misma, su interés yacía en la búsqueda del punto donde la religión podía fundirse con el activismo social. Se acercó a David. M. Turoldo (1916-1992) que representaba el círculo de la Librería Corsia dei Servi, que fue muy activo en el movimiento. Su matrimonio con uno de los líderes del círculo, Giuseppe Ricca, en el año 1961 parecía ser un movimiento que concretara su vínculo con Europa. Sin embargo, la muerte trágica de Giuseppe después de solo X años de matrimonio dejó Atsuko otra vez en la posición entre Europa y Japón. No solo en su vida privada, sino en su vida profesional también, Suga se puso entre dos culturas y dos idiomas, empezando a traducir una serie de las obras de la literatura moderna japonesa al italiano, incluso los autores más famosos como Yasunari Kawabata y Shozo Unno. Algunas obras fueron traducidas por la primera vez en Europa. Después de la muerte de su marido, ella seguía con las traducciones, hasta que decidiera a volver a Japón en el año 1971. Una vez traslada a Japón, empezó a traducir numerosas novelas y poesía italiana al japonés, presentándolas a la audiencia japonesa por la primera vez. Sus traducciones incluye las obras de Italo Calvino y Antonio Tabucchi entre otras. Suga empezó a escribir sus propias obras que son entre la novela y el ensayo sobre su vida en ambas culturas, cuando tenía ya más de 60 años. En la ponencia, se presentará las obras y la vida de esta figura más especial que vivía entre Europa y Japón.

"Porque quiero casarme con un varón hermoso de la orilla del mar" Un análisis de lo grotesco femenino de María Josefa en La casa de Bernarda Alba

This essay is an analysis of the character María Josefa in the play 'The House of Bernarda Alba' (1936) by Federico García Lorca. It is hypothesized that the character of María Josefa can be considered a distorting mirror of the femininity presented in the play, and that through María Josefa this femininity is both revealed and problematized. The analysis adopts theories from the field of the (female) grotesque, using terminology both from Mikhail Bakhtin and Mary Russo. Throughout the analysis it is demonstrated how the character of María Josefa challenges the boundaries and norms which are dictated by Bernarda to control the women of the house. These conventions are challenged by María Josefa with the use of her loud speech, her dressed up appearance, and in her physical resistance. In this manner María Josefa is creating and embodying an alternate feminine view that is uncovered through her consistent provocation and by making herself into "a spectacle", a transboundary behaviour that is well interpreted within the theories of carnival, the grotesque body, and the spectacle of the female grotesque.