Six-Day System Test and Component test and System Simulation for Combitanks with Internal heat Exchangers

An international standard, ISO/DP 9459-4 has been proposed to establish a uniform standard of quality for small, factory-made solar heating systerns. In this proposal, system components are tested separatelyand total system performance is calculated using system simulations based on component model parameter values validated using the results from the component tests. Another approach is to test the whole system in operation under representative conditions, where the results can be used as a measure of the general system performance. The advantage of system testing of this form is that it is not dependent on simulations and the possible inaccuracies of the models. Its disadvantage is that it is restricted to the boundary conditions for the test. Component testing and system simulation is flexible, but requires an accurate and reliable simulation model.The heat store is a key component conceming system performance. Thus, this work focuses on the storage system consisting store, electrical auxiliary heater, heat exchangers and tempering valve. Four different storage system configurations with a volume of 750 litre were tested in an indoor system test using a six -day test sequence. A store component test and system simulation was carried out on one of the four configurations, applying the proposed standard for stores, ISO/DP 9459-4A. Three newly developed test sequences for intemalload side heat exchangers, not in the proposed ISO standard, were also carried out. The MULTIPORT store model was used for this work. This paper discusses the results of the indoor system test, the store component test, the validation of the store model parameter values and the system simulations.

Provning av ackumulatorsystem för solvärmeanläggningar

Inom projektet provades 10 konfigurationer av samma ackumulatortank. Tankarna utsattes under kontrollerade förhållanden för en 6-dagars testcykel. Under testet tillfördes varje tank värme från en (simulerad) solfångare och, i den mån det behövdes, tillsatsvärme från elpatronen. Väderförhållanden under de sex dagarna var två fina, en växlande, två dåliga och ytterligare en växlande dag i nämnd följd. De flesta systemkonfigurationer klarade sig under de soliga dagarna utan energitillskott från elpatronen och förmådde dessutom att lagra värnlen så att även tappningar på följande dag med "växlande" väder kunde ske utan el-tillskott. De molniga dagarna behövde alla systemkonfigurationer el-tillskott. Solvärmesystemens täckningsgrad varierade mellan 36,5 % för det sämsta systemet till 70, 3 % för det bästa. En ackumulatortank med två seriekopplade tappvarmvattenvärmeväxIare (en i botten för förvärmning och en i tankens övre del för slutvärmning) ger betydligt bättre resultat än en tank med bara en enda sådan värmeväxlare. Tankens volym var i de utförda provningarna 750 liter, solfångarstorleken 10 m2 och lasten 13 kWh per dag. För dessa förutsättningar ger en yttre solvärmeväxlare inga mätbara fördelar gentemot en tillräcklig stor inbyggd värmeväxlare. De gjorda försöken visar, att alla tankkonfigurationerna visar dålig skiktning. Ett fortsatt arbete bör göras för att minska omblandningen i tanken vid både inladdning och uttag av värme.

Role of dietary fats in modulating cardiometabolic risk during moderate weight gain : a randomized double-blind overfeeding trial (LIPOGAIN study)

BACKGROUND: Whether the type of dietary fat could alter cardiometabolic responses to a hypercaloric diet is unknown. In addition, subclinical cardiometabolic consequences of moderate weight gain require further study. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a 7-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, 39 healthy, lean individuals (mean age of 27±4) consumed muffins (51% of energy [%E] from fat and 44%E refined carbohydrates) providing 750 kcal/day added to their habitual diets. All muffins had identical contents, except for type of fat; sunflower oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA diet) or palm oil rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet). Despite comparable weight gain in the 2 groups, total: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein:HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B:AI ratios decreased during the PUFA versus the SFA diet (-0.37±0.59 versus +0.07±0.29, -0.31±0.49 versus +0.05±0.28, and -0.07±0.11 versus +0.01±0.07, P=0.003, P=0.007, and P=0.01 for between-group differences), whereas no significant differences were observed for other cardiometabolic risk markers. In the whole group (ie, independently of fat type), body weight increased (+2.2%, P<0.001) together with increased plasma proinsulin (+21%, P=0.007), insulin (+17%, P=0.003), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, (+9%, P=0.008) fibroblast growth factor-21 (+31%, P=0.04), endothelial markers vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin (+9, +5, and +10%, respectively, P<0.01 for all), whereas nonesterified fatty acids decreased (-28%, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Excess energy from PUFA versus SFA reduces atherogenic lipoproteins. Modest weight gain in young individuals induces hyperproinsulinemia and increases biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, effects that may be partly outweighed by the lipid-lowering effects of PUFA. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01427140.