Fetal Movements in late Pregnancy : Categorization, Self-assessment, and Prenatal Attachment in relation to women’s experiences

Aim: To explore how pregnant women experience fetal movements in late pregnancy. Specific aims were:  to study women’s experiences during the time prior to receiving news that their unborn baby had died in utero (I), to investigate women’s descriptions of fetal movements (II), investigate the association between the magnitude of fetal movements and level of prenatal attachment (III), and to study women’s experiences using two different self-assessment methods (IV). Methods: Interviews, questionnaires, and observations were used. Results: Premonition that something had happened to their unborn baby, based on a lack of fetal movements, was experienced by the participants. The overall theme “something is wrong” describes the women’s insight that the baby’s life was threatened (I). Fetal movements that were sorted into the domain “powerful movements” were perceived in late pregnancy by 96 % of the participants (II). Perceiving frequent fetal movements on at least three occasions per 24 hours was associated with higher scores of prenatal attachment in all the three subscales on PAI-R. The majority (55%) of the 456 participants reported average occasions of frequent fetal movements, 26% several occasions and 18% reported few occasions of frequent fetal movements, during the current gestational week.  (III). Only one of the 40 participants did not find at least one method for monitoring fetal movements suitable. Fifteen of the 39 participants reported a preference for the mindfetalness method and five for the count-to-ten method. The women described the observation of the movements as a safe and reassuring moment for communication with their unborn baby (IV). Conclusion:  In full-term and uncomplicated pregnancies, women usually perceive fetal movements as powerful. Furthermore, women in late pregnancy who reported frequent fetal movements on several occasions during a 24-hour period seem to have a high level of prenatal attachment. Women who used self-assessment methods for monitoring fetal movements felt calm and relaxed when observing the movements of their babies. They had a high compliance for both self-assessment methods. Women that had experienced a stillbirth in late pregnancy described that they had a premonition before they were told that their baby had died in utero. 

Tal och taluppfattning i matematikläroböcker för de lägre åldrarna

Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap om hur läroböcker inom ämnet matematik är uppbyggda gällande taluppfattning och användandet av tal samt om materialet i de aktuella läroböckerna skiljer sig beträffande taluppfattning och talsanvändning i årskurs 1-3. Läroböcker utgör en form av läromedel och finns samt används i skolan. Taluppfattning är grundläggande för elevernas förståelse och utvecklande av matematiska kunskaper och en stor del av matematiken och utgör därför ett intressant ämne att forska om. I och med användandet av läroböcker i skolan samt taluppfattningens betydelse för utvecklandet av matematiska kunskaper är det intressant att se sambandet mellan dessa två. För att besvara frågeställningarna har en systematisk litteraturstudie genomförts, det vill säga en systematisk inventering av för frågeställningarna relevant tidigare genomförd och publicerad forskning. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att läroböcker berör taluppfattning på olika sätt och arbetar med tal, taluppfattning och användning av tal i olika sammanhang. Studierna visar även att läroböckerna prioriterar olika områden av taluppfattning medan andra områden fyller en liten eller ingen del av lärobokens innehåll. Gestaltandet ser olika ut, men bygger på samma innehåll. De berörda studierna som är sammanställda är studier från Cypern, Taiwan, Irland, USA, Kina och Grekland. Kina och Taiwan är två av de länderna som uppvisar bäst resultat inom ämnet matematik, enligt TIMSS undersökning och i denna studie synas två av Kinas läroböcker. En äldre traditionell lärobok som använts i många år samtidigt som deras nya reformerade är omarbetad för att förbättra elevernas kunskaper ytterligare. Även två läroböcker från Taiwan ingår i denna studie, TTA och TTB. Dessa två sticker ut och skiljer sig mycket från de övriga läroböckerna från blad annat Cypern och Irland. Både TTA och TTB använder ett unikt utseende gällande frågornas utformning och hur de är ställda samt består av tvillingfrågor.

Gymaktivas inställning till sin egen träning i förhållande till olika motivationsfaktorer

Studiens syfte var att undersöka gymaktiva kvinnors motivationsfaktorer och om dessa kan vara mer eller mindre positiv för enskilda individer. De motivationsfaktorer studien inriktade sig på är tre olika kroppsideal, det utseendemässiga kroppsidealet, funktionella kroppsidealet eller hälsomässiga kroppsidealet, som tidigare forskning beskrivit är dessa vanliga anledningar till att personer tränar. Metoden i studien är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys baserad på individuella intervjuer av 9 kvinnor i åldrarna 20-30. Studiens resultat visade på att de främsta motivationsfaktorerna var att träna för hälsan eller för utseendet. Endast en respondent visade sig träna för att få en funktionellt bättre fungerande kropp. Vidare framkom att alla motivationsfaktorerna hade positiv inverkan på måendet, dock visade det sig också att de som tränade för det utseendemässiga kroppsidealet kände en del negativa aspekter som t.ex. mer press än vad de som tränade för det hälsomässiga kroppsidealet gjorde. Samtliga respondenter kände att motivationen gick i perioder vilket tyder på att motivationsfaktorn inte verkar ha en inverkan på motivationsgraden

Molecular Mechanisms of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

The aim of this thesis was to identify genetic factors involved in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterised by a progressive change in personality, behaviour and language. FTLD is a genetically complex disorder and a positive family history is found in up to 40% of the cases. In 10-20% of the familial cases the disease can be explained by mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT). In the first study we describe the clinical and neuropathological features of a Finnish family with FTLD caused by a mutation in MAPT. We also provide evidence that the pathogenic mechanism of this mutation is through altered splicing of MAPT transcripts. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN) were identified as a major cause of FTLD. In the second study we describe a Swedish family with FTLD caused by a frameshift mutation in PGRN. We provide a clinical and neuropathological description of the family, as well as evidence that the pathogenicity of this mutation is through nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant mRNA transcripts and PGRN haploinsufficiency. In the third study we describe a novel PGRN splice site mutation and a previously described PGRN frameshift mutation, found in a mutation screen of 51 FTLD patients. We describe the clinical and neuropathological characteristics of the mutation carriers and demonstrate that haploinsufficiency is the pathogenic mechanism of the two mutations. In the fourth study we investigate the prevalence of PGRN and MAPT gene dosage alterations in 39 patients with FTLD. No gene dosage alterations were identified, indicating that variations in copy number of the PGRN and MAPT genes are not a common cause of disease, at least not in this FTLD patient collection.

Adolescent boys’ health : managing emotions, masculinities and subjective social status

The health of adolescent boys is complex and surprisingly little is known about how adolescent boys perceive, conceptualise and experience their health. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis was to explore adolescent boys’ perceptions and experiences of health, emotions, masculinity and subjective social status (SSS). This thesis consists of a qualitative, a quantitative and a mixed methods study. The qualitative study aimed to explore how adolescent boys understand the concept of health and what they find important for its achievement. Furthermore, the adolescent boys’ views of masculinity, emotion management and their potential effects on wellbeing were explored. For this purpose, individual interviews were conducted with 33 adolescent boys aged 16-17 years. The quantitative study aimed to investigate the associations between pride, shame and health in adolescence. Data were collected through a cross-sectional postal survey with 705 adolescents. The purpose of the mixed methods study was to investigate associations between SSS in school, socioeconomic status (SES) and self-rated health (SRH), and to explore the concept of SSS in school. Cross-sectional data were combined with interview data in which the meaning of SSS was further explored. Individual interviews with 35 adolescents aged 17-18 years were conducted. In the qualitative study, data were analysed using Grounded Theory. In the quantitative study, statistical analyses (e.g., chi-square test and uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses) were performed. In the mixed method study, a combination of statistical analyses and thematic network analysis was applied. The results showed that there was a complexity in how the adolescent boys viewed, experienced, dealt with and valued health. On a conceptual level, they perceived health as holistic but when dealing with difficult emotions, they were prone to separate the body from the mind. Thus, the adolescent boys experienced a difference between health as a concept and health as an experience (paper I). Concerning emotional orientation in masculinity, two main categories of masculine conceptions were identified: a gender-normative masculinity and a non-gender-normative masculinity (paper II). Gender-normative masculinity comprised two seemingly opposite emotional masculinity orientations, one towards toughness and the other towards sensitivity, both of which were highly influenced by contextual and situational group norms and demands, despite that their expressions are in contrast to each other. Non-gender-normative masculinity included an orientation towards sincerity, emphasising the personal values of the boys. Emotions were expressed more independently of peer group norms. The findings suggest that different masculinities and the expression of emotions are intricately intertwined and that managing emotions is vital for wellbeing. The present findings also showed that both shame and pride were significantly associated with SRH, and furthermore, that there seems to be a protective effect of experiencing pride for health (paper III). The results also demonstrated that SSS is strongly related to SRH, and high SRH is related to high SSS, and further that the positioning was done in a gendered space (paper IV). Results from all studies suggest that the emotional and relational aspects, as well as perceived SSS, were strongly related to SRH. Positive emotions, trustful relationships and having a sense of belonging were important factors for health and pride was an important emotion protecting health. Physical health, on the other hand, had a more subordinated value, but the body was experienced as an important tool to achieve health. Even though health was mainly perceived in a holistic manner by the boys, there were boys who were prone to dichotomise the health experience into a mind-body dualism when having to deal with difficult emotions. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that young, masculine health is largely experienced through emotions and relationships between individuals and their contexts affected by gendered practices. Health is to feel and function well in mind and body and to have trusting relationships. The results support theories on health as a social construction of interconnected processes. Having confidence in self-esteem, access to trustful relationships and the courage to resist traditional masculine norms while still reinforcing and maintaining social status are all conducive to good health. Researchers as well as professionals need to consider the complexity of adolescent boys’ health in which norms, values, relationships and gender form its social determinants. Those working with young boys should encourage them to integrate physical, social and emotional aspects of health into an interconnected and holistic experience.

“Who wants to go repeatedly to the hospital?” : Perceptions and experiences of simplified medical abortion in Rajasthan, India

The aim of this study is to explore women's experiences and perceptions of home use of misoprostol and of the self-assessment of the outcome of early medical abortion in a low-resource setting in India. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 women seeking early medical abortion, who administered misoprostol at home and assessed their own outcome of abortion using a low-sensitivity pregnancy test. With home use of misoprostol, women were able to avoid inconvenience of travel, child care, and housework, and maintain confidentiality. The use of a low-sensitivity pregnancy test alleviated women's anxieties about retained products. Majority said they would prefer medical abortion involving a single visit in future. This study provides nuanced understanding of how women manage a simplified medical abortion in the context of low literacy and limited communication facilities. Service delivery guidelines should be revised to allow women to have medical abortion with fewer visits.