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I ett internationellt perspektiv har Sverige hög amningsfrekvens, men under 2000-talet har amningsfrekvensen sjunkit och stora regionala skillnader ses. Kvinnorna rekommenderas att helamma sex månader. Mödravårdcentralen (MVC) informerar om bröstmjölkens hälsoeffekter som till exempel att bröstmjölken skyddar barn mot allergier. Forskning visar att överviktiga och feta kvinnor har kortare amningsduration, men få studier behandlar svenska förhållanden. Syfte: Syfte med fördjupningsarbetet är att studera samband mellan mammans BMI relaterat till amningsduration och mammans skattning av barnets hälsa de tre första levnadsåren. Metod: Studien är en kvantitativ retrospektiv tvärsnittstudie. Data insamlades via enkäter, 418 deltagare inkluderades. Data har analyserats med Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). För deskriptiv och jämförande analys har parametriska och icke-parametriska analyser genomförts. Resultat: De kvinnor som inte ammade skattade sitt barns hälsa sämre vid tre års ålder i jämförelse med kvinnor som ammat någon period. Vid tre års ålder skattade kvinnor med övervikt och fetma sitt barns hälsa sämre. Slutsats: Det är viktigt att kunna identifiera kvinnor som är behov av stöd för att initiera amning och kunna bidra till anpassat stöd till dem. AbstractSweden reports high duration of breastfeeding compared to international findings. During the last century, the frequency of breastfeeding duration has decreased in Sweden, with large regional differences. Recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding is six months. Midwives provide information about healthy benefits of breast milk, such as breast milk protecting baby´s against allergies. Research has presented associations between obesity and short duration of breastfeeding. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding women in a Swedish context. Aim: To investigate the relation between mothers BMI, duration of breastfeeding and maternal valuation of the baby´s health during the first three year of life. Method: The study is a quantitative retrospective cross-sectional study. Data was collected through questionnaires, 418 participants were included. Data was analyzed using the SPSS. For descriptive and comparative analysis parametric and nonparamateric statistics have been used.Results: Women who did not breastfed perceived their baby´s health worse at three years compared with women who did breastfeed. Women with overweight and obesity also perceived the health of their three year old worse than the other maternal group. Conclusions: It´s important to identify women who need support to initiate breastfeeding and give them customized support.

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This report describes the work done creating a computer model of a kombi tank from Consolar. The model was created with Presim/Trnsys and Fittrn and DF were used to identify the parameters. Measurements were carried out and were used to identify the values of the parameters in the model. The identifications were first done for every circuit separately. After that, all parameters are normally identified together using all the measurements. Finally the model should be compared with other measurements, preferable realistic ones. The two last steps have not yet been carried out, because of problems finding a good model for the domestic hot water circuit.The model of the domestic hot water circuit give relatively good results for low flows at 5 l/min, but is not good for higher flows. In the report suggestions for improving the model are given. However, there was not enough time to test this within the project as much time was spent trying to solve problems with the model crashing. Suggestions for improving the model for the domestic circuit are given in chapter 4.4. The improved equations that are to be used in the improved model are given by equation 4.18, 4.19 and 4.22.Also for the boiler circuit and the solar circuit there are improvements that can be done. The model presented here has a few shortcomings, but with some extra work, an improved model can be created. In the attachment (Bilaga 1) is a description of the used model and all the identified parameters.A qualitative assessment of the store was also performed based on the measurements and the modelling carried out. The following summary of this can be given: Hot Water PreparationThe principle for controlling the flow on the primary side seems to work well in order to achieve good stratification. Temperatures in the bottom of the store after a short use of hot water, at a coldwater temperature of 12°C, was around 28-30°C. This was almost independent of the temperature in the store and the DHW-flow.The measured UA-values of the heat exchangers are not very reliable, but indicates that the heat transfer rates are much better than for the Conus 500, and in the same range as for other stores tested at SERC.The function of the mixing valve is not perfect (see diagram 4.3, where Tout1 is the outlet hot water temperature, and Tdhwo and Tdhw1 is the inlet temperature to the hot and cold side of the valve respectively). The outlet temperature varies a lot with different temperatures in the storage and is going down from 61°C to 47°C before the cold port is fully closed. This gives a problem to find a suitable temperature setting and gives also a risk that the auxiliary heating is increased instead of the set temperature of the valve, when the hot water temperature is to low.Collector circuitThe UA-value of the collector heat exchanger is much higher than the value for Conus 500, and in the same range as the heat exchangers in other stores tested at SERC.Boiler circuitThe valve in the boiler circuit is used to supply water from the boiler at two different heights, depending on the temperature of the water. At temperatures from the boiler above 58.2°C, all the water is injected to the upper inlet. At temperatures below 53.9°C all the water is injected to the lower inlet. At 56°C the water flow is equally divided between the two inlets. Detailed studies of the behaviour at the upper inlet shows that better accuracy of the model would have been achieved using three double ports in the model instead of two. The shape of the upper inlet makes turbulence, that could be modelled using two different inlets. Heat lossesThe heat losses per m3 are much smaller for the Solus 1050, than for the Conus 500 Storage. However, they are higher than those for some good stores tested at SERC. The pipes that are penetrating the insulation give air leakage and cold bridges, which could be a major part of the losses from the storage. The identified losses from the bottom of the storage are exceptionally high, but have less importance for the heat losses, due to the lower temperatures in the bottom. High losses from the bottom can be caused by air leakage through the insulation at the pipe connections of the storage.

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Dagens vanliga ackumulatortanksystem har för dålig skiktning i ackumulatortanken, vilket leder till försämrad effektivitet hos systemen. För att förbättra den krävs komponenter, som kan ladda och framförallt urladda med bättre skiktningsegenskaper. Ackumulatorvärmesystem som t ex vedpanna med tank och solvärmesystem kan öka sin effektivitet, om tankens skiktning främjas. En ny typ av varmvattenberedare, sk tappvattenautomater har tagits fram bl a för att ersätta trasiga eller igenkalkade varmvattenberedare i villapannor. Dessa tappvattenautomater har visat sig kunna vara intressanta även för anslutning till ackumulatortankar. Konsumentverket gav SERC uppdraget att testa dessa nya automater för att se hur väl de fungerar i ackumulatorsystem. Vi har testat tre olika fabrikat: Alfajet, Cetetherm och Solvis. Cetetherm provades förutom i grundversionen med trevägsventil, även med en tvåvägsventil. Totalt testades således fyra olika konstruktioner, som skiljer sig i värmeväxlarstorlek och reglerstrategi. I rapporten visas driftsegenskaper och termiska prestanda för tappvattenautomaterna med hjälp av diagram, som upprättades efter omfattande mätningar. Tappvattenautomaterna, som i grundutförande var avsedda för värmepannor, är inte lämpliga för användning tillsammans med ackumulatortank. Tappvattenautomater med god termisk prestanda och till ackumulatorsystem anpassad reglerstrategi ger däremot gott resultat. Alfajet och Cetetherm med trevägsventil är mindre lämpade för ackumulatorvärme-system. En onödigt hög returtemperatur till ackumulatortanken leder till dålig skiktning vid urladdning och därigenom kan en mindre del av energiinnehållet i tanken tillgodogöras. Genom att ersätta trevägsventilen hos Cetetherm med en tvåvägsventil, förbättras den termiska funktionen vid användning med ackumulatortank. Solvis tappvattenautomat var från början konstruerad för solvärmesystem med ackumulatortank och visade sig ha god prestanda. Tappvattenautomaterna testades även med avseende på varmvattenkomforten vid flödesändringar. Ingen av tappvattenautomaterna visade sig kunna reglera varmvattentemperaturen lika bra som ett traditionellt system med väl fungerande blandningsventil. Tappvattenautomatens inverkan på ett solvärmesystems täckningsgrad under sommarhalvårets väderförhållanden testades i SERCs sexdagarstest. I jämförelse till de hittills bästa konventionella system med inbyggda värmeväxlare av typ kamflänsrör kunde täckningsgraden för ett i övrigt likvärdigt system höjas med upp till 15 procentenheter. Marknadspriset för tappvattenautomater på omkring 10 000 kr är fortfarande för högt, för att den skall kunna konkurrera med konventionella system. Vidareutvecklade förenklade system, som produceras i större serier kommer enligt vår bedömning att kunna erbjudas till lägre pris i framtiden.

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Networks and cooperatives have become very common in the woodworking industry during the1990’s. As part of a research project on small enterprise development in the woodworking industry within the Target 6 area (in Sweden) of the European Community, this study follows the development of a dozen cooperative projects during the period 1997-2000. In order to broaden the knowledge base of the study, in 1998 we carried out a survey of cooperative ventures in the woodworking industry in the rest of the country, and collected information about their history, present situation and future strategy. Together with our own material we achieved a body of material consisting of some 30 cases which were subjected to exploratory analysis. We identified the following categories of projects and cooperative ventures; ”Local development projects”, ”Development networks”, ”Producer networks” and ”Development supporting networks”. Most of the producer networks were horizontally integrated but some of them were vertically integrated, along the processing chain from the forest to the customer. Nearly all the local development projects and the networks had been initiated within the last four years. It is, therefore, too early to make any conclusions about their success. Our main finding, so far, is that local development and the establishment of networks requires ”driving forces” in the form of committed individuals, time, money and project organisation. Most of the projects and networks were supported by public funds.

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Föreliggande rapport innehåller minnesanteckningar från en studieresa till Portugal 25/11- 2/121991. Syftet var framförallt att diskutera CPC-teknologi för solvärmeändamål med Manuel Collares-Pereira, CCE, Lissabon, inför ett fortsatt arbete med att utveckla CPC-teknologi i Sverige. Även andra institut och anläggningar besöktes och beskrivs i rapporten.