8 resultados para Doctrine de la guerre juste

em CentAUR: Central Archive University of Reading - UK


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A discussion of nuclear guarantees as means of deterrence and security projection in Europe, and also a countermeasure against nuclear proliferation. My contribution to this jointly authored book is contained mainly, but not exclusively, under the above section.

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Profit, embezzlement, restitution. The role of the traitants in the Nine Years War and Chamillart’s tax on financial benefits The aim of this article is to revisit the question of the financiers in Old Regime France. It starts with an analysis of the discourses about the financiers under the Absolute monarchy that underlines the complexity of their relationship with the government and the public. It then reviews the secondary literature and highlights the existence of competing historical interpretations (functional, political, utilitarian), which raise the question of their overall capacity to account for the role and impact of the financiers at different times. On this ground, the article focuses on a specific group of financiers, the so-called traitants d’affaires extraordinaires, during the Nine Years War. Further to a description of the specific role and scope of the activities of the various financiers responsible for helping the monarchy to raise the funds it needed to pay for its peace and wartime expenditure, the article examines the conditions and profits granted by the king in his contracts with the traitants whose services were hired for the purpose of selling royal offices in the public and advancing the revenue to the Treasury. It also explores the contractual arrangements of the companies established by the financiers to manage their operations as well as the rights and the responsibilities of their various stakeholders. These bases being laid, the article relies on the administrative correspondence relating to the traités during the Nine Years War to address a range of issues, in particular the extent to which these contracts, and other control procedures, were robust enough to deter fraud. The accounts of two traitants’ companies offer an opportunity to analyse and compare the structure of their income and expenditure (including the volume and cost of the promissory notes sold in the public to finance their payments to the Treasury), to explore the strategies of the contractors, to calculate their net profits and further discuss the problem of embezzlement. The article ends with the study of the context and debates which led to the introduction by finance minister Michel Chamillart, in 1700, of a shortfall tax on the financial profits of the gens d’affaires or traitants, the method used to determine its rate (50 % of the net benefits), its distribution among the various stakeholders (including the bailleurs de fonds or backers), and the related procedures. In total, the article argues that the relationship between the monarchy, society and the financiers under the Ancien Regime was not static and, therefore, suggests that the broad question of control and fraud must be examined against changing circumstances. With regard specifically to the Nine Years War, the article concludes that within the constraints of the Absolute monarchy, contractors offered valuable services by raising capital for the benefit of a king who ruled over a country which, at the time, was by far the wealthiest in Europe, and where ministers failed to foresee long wars of attrition and whose financial strategy was limited by the very existence of privilege. Overall, the traités were too costly to be a viable system of war financing. In these conditions, the substantial fortunes made by a handful of very successful traitants suffice to explain that the government easily gave in to public criticism against the wealth of the financiers and felt compelled, when peace resumed, to cancel the advantageous conditions offered in the treaties by taxing financial profits.

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A study of the lexis and imagery of warfare in the early C13 English adaptation of Wace's Roman de Brut by the English poet La3amon. The narrator's stance is analysed the light of the poet's priestly identity, revealing an undercurrent of disapproval of the glorification of the warrior found in La3amon's sources, and moral concern for combatants engaged in 'unjust' wars of conquest.

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Déjà utilisé dans un sens large à Byzance au VIe, le terme « stratégie » ne tut adopté en Europe occidentale qu’au XVIIIe siècle. Dans cet ouvrage, l’auteur définit la stratégie est une voie globale pour parvenir à des fins politiques, utilisant la menace ou l’usage effectif de la force et prenant en compte les moyens disponibles, mais aussi les valeurs et les objectifs des adversaires, dans une dialectique des volontés des adversaires. Ces variables sont au centre de cet ouvrage. Depuis Aristote et la notion de guerre juste développée par Augustin d’Hippone et Thomas d’Aquin, jusqu’au « paradigme napoléonien », qui a dominé la stratégie et la guerre à partir de la fin de l’époque moderne, et le concept de la guerre totale de Ludendorff, Béatrice Heuser expose l’évolution d’un discours sur la guerre et sa justification (ou non) comme recherche de la paix. Si, après Napoléon et Clausewitz, la victoire militaire apparaît comme le but ultime de tout conflit, à partir de la Première Guerre mondiale, et surtout de l’utilisation de la bombe atomique en 1945, les stratégistes redécouvrent l’importance de penser la paix après la guerre, le « paradigme de la paix ». Les développements de la stratégie navale, puis des stratégies aériennes et nucléaires, ainsi que les concepts de petite guerre ou de guérilla, qui dominent l’actualité, prennent leur place dans cette histoire de la stratégie, ou « comment les hommes ont pensé la guerre .