Teleconnections between Ethiopian summer rainfall and sea surface temperature: part I. Observation and modelling

In this study, the oceanic regions that are associated with anomalous Ethiopian summer rains were identified and the teleconnection mechanisms that give rise to these associations have been investigated. Because of the complexities of rainfall climate in the horn of Africa, Ethiopia has been subdivided into six homogeneous rainfall zones and the influence of SST anomalies was analysed separately for each zone. The investigation made use of composite analysis and modelling experiments. Two sets of composites of atmospheric fields were generated, one based on excess/deficit rainfall anomalies and the other based on warm/cold SST anomalies in specific oceanic regions. The aim of the composite analysis was to determine the link between SST and rainfall in terms of large scale features. The modelling experiments were intended to explore the causality of these linkage. The results show that the equatorial Pacific, the midlatitude northwest Pacific and the Gulf of Guinea all exert an influence on the summer rainfall in various part of the country. The results demonstrate that different mechanisms linked to sea surface temperature control variations in rainfall in different parts of Ethiopia. This has important consequences for seasonal forecasting models which are based on statistical correlations between SST and seasonal rainfall totals. It is clear that such statistical models should take account of the local variations in teleconnections.

Vibrational intensities VII: ethane and ethane-d6

Absolute intensity measurements have been made on the fundamental vibrations of C2H6 and C2D6, using the extrapolation method of Wilson and Wells and using nitrogen at pressures up to 50 atmospheres to broaden the bands. The absorption coefficient was integrated against the logarithm of the frequency. Normal coordinates were calculated from the potential function of Hansen and Dennison, and were used to interpret the results in terms of quantities (∂p/∂Si) giving the change of dipole moment with respect to the symmetry coordinates Si. Consistency of data between the isotopes was used both to eliminate ambiguities in the interpretation, and as a criterion in separating overlapping pairs of absorption bands. The results have been interpreted in terms of bond effective moments.

The calculation of force constants and normal co-ordinates--VII Normal co-ordinates in the E species of allene

Force constant and normal co-ordinate calculations are reported for the E species vibrations of the allene molecule. Data on the fundamental vibration frequencies of allene-h4, allene-d4 and allene-1.1-d2 and on the five experimentally determined Coriolis zeta constants of C3H4 and C3D4, were used in a force constant refinement procedure. Allowing for product and sum rules this gives 21 independent data which were used to refine to the most general harmonic force field (10 parameters) with one constraint (in the absence of any constraints the refinement was not satisfactory). The results have been used to calculate the complete ζz Coriolis interaction matrix for the allene-1.1-d2 molecule, and hence to calculate the expected rotational structure of the perpendicular bending vibrations of this molecule; the good agreement obtained with the observed spectra is a check on our results.