Influence of synthesis on the structure of electrochemically prepared electrically conducting polymers

The inherent possibility of structural anisotropy in polypyrrole and other heterocyclic systems is introduced. By selecting the appropriate electrochemical variables including monomer and dopant type this intrinsic molecular anisotropy may be used to prepare films with well defined global anisotropy, in which the planes of the pyrrole rings prefer to lie parallel to the electrode surface. The conditions for obtaining such materials are discussed and some of the effects of these novel anisotropic structures on the resultant properties are highlighted. Attention is directed at charge transport and optical properties.

Application of cylindrical distribution functions to wide-angle X-ray scattering from oriented polymers

A systematic approach is presented for obtaining cylindrical distribution functions (CDF's) of noncrystalline polymers which have been oriented by extension. The scattering patterns and CDF's are also sharpened by the method proposed by Deas and by Ruland. Data from atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene are analysed by these techniques. The methods could also be usefully applied to liquid crystals.

Experimental separation of the coherent component of X-ray scattering prior to RDF analysis of non-crystalline polymers

An experimental method is described which enables the inelastically scattered X-ray component to be removed from diffractometer data prior to radial density function analysis. At each scattering angle an energy spectrum is generated from a Si(Li) detector combined with a multi-channel analyser from which the coherently scattered component is separated. The data obtained from organic polymers has an improved signal/noise ratio at high values of scattering angle, and a commensurate enhancement of resolution of the RDF at low r is demonstrated for the case of PMMA (ICI `Perspex'). The method obviates the need for the complicated correction for multiple scattering.

Conformational analysis of oriented non-crystalline polymers using wide angle X-ray scattering

A procedure is presented for obtaining conformational parameters from oriented but non-crystalline polymers. This is achieved by comparison of the experimental wide angle X-ray scattering with that calculated from models but in such a way that foreknowledge of the orientation distribution function is not required. X-ray scattering intensity values for glassy isotactic poly(methylmethacrylate) are analysed by these techniques. The method could be usefully applied to other oriented molecular systems such as liquid crystalline materials.

Measurement of molecular orientation in thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers

Procedures for obtaining molecular orientational parameters from wide angle X-ray scattering patterns of samples of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers are presented. The methods described are applied to an extrusion-aligned sample of a random copolyester of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and p-acetoxybenzoic acid. Values of the orientational parameters are obtained from both the interchain and intrachain maxima in the scattering pattern. The differences in the values so derived suggest some level of local rotational correlation

Arylpropenoates as photoactive units in photocontrollable polymers

The synthesis of photochemical properties of a range of arylpropenoates are described and their suitability as photoactive units for the reversible manipulation of polymer properties assessed. The Z and E isomers of the 1-naphthyl-, 1-(4-methoxynaphthyl)- and 9-phenanthryl- derivatives have sufficiently different absorption characteristics to allow their selective exciation to give photostationary states having high concentrations of each isomer. Incorporation of the photoactive units into methacrylate based polymers changes the photostationary state concentrations of the Z and E isomers but the effect on the 1-(4-methoxynaphthyl)-derivative is small and here the photointerconversion is not accompanied by fatigue. The 9-anthryl derivative undergoes facile (4π + 4π) photodimerization and this may have potential as a reversible crosslinking mechanism.

Extracting quantitative structural parameters for disordered polymers from neutron scattering data

The organization of non-crystalline polymeric materials at a local level, namely on a spatial scale between a few and 100 a, is still unclear in many respects. The determination of the local structure in terms of the configuration and conformation of the polymer chain and of the packing characteristics of the chain in the bulk material represents a challenging problem. Data from wide-angle diffraction experiments are very difficult to interpret due to the very large amount of information that they carry, that is the large number of correlations present in the diffraction patterns.We describe new approaches that permit a detailed analysis of the complex neutron diffraction patterns characterizing polymer melts and glasses. The coupling of different computer modelling strategies with neutron scattering data over a wide Q range allows the extraction of detailed quantitative information on the structural arrangements of the materials of interest. Proceeding from modelling routes as diverse as force field calculations, single-chain modelling and reverse Monte Carlo, we show the successes and pitfalls of each approach in describing model systems, which illustrate the need to attack the data analysis problem simultaneously from several fronts.

Cinnamate ester containing liquid crystalline side chain polymers

The synthesis of methacrylate esters of 4-cyanophenyl-(4-(ω-hydroxyalkyloxy)) cinnamates, with spacer lengths of 2 and 6 methylene units and the synthesis of the corresponding acrylate ester with a spacer of 2 methylene units are described. The methacrylate monomers were polymerized by free radical polymerization, both as homopolymers and as copolymers with the analogous benzoate monomer of spacer length 6. The acrylate ester could not be polymerized successfully under the same reaction conditions. Polymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermo-optic observations. Of the monomers prepared, only the cinnamate with a hexamethylene spacer shows a mesophase, seen on supercooling of the melt. All of the polymers prepared were liquid crystalline, with smectic behavior predominating in the polymethacrylates with the longer spacer group. A narrow nematic region is seen just below the clearing temperature with a range of 3–9°C, nematic character is increased in the copolymer series with the degree of incorporation of the cinnamate monomer with the spacer group of length 2.

Approaches to the synthesis of novel photoactive side chain liquid crystalline polymers containing analogues of the cinnamate ester group

A series of chain liquid crystalline copolymers of 4-cyanophenyl 4′-(6-methacryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoate and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl β-(1-naphthyl)-propenoate were prepared by free radical polymerization. The corresponding polyacrylates could not be prepared in the same way and an alternative method was used for their preparation involving the synthesis of copolymers of the mesogenic monomer and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate followed by treatment of the resulting polymers with β-(1-naphthyl)propenoyl chloride. The materials are of interest as photoactive liquid crystalline polymers. The effect of introducing a bulky nonmesogenic group into a liquid crystalline copolymer generally lowers the clearing temperature and raises Tg but also gives rise to contrasting phase behaviour in these two series of polymers. Polymethacrylates which show mesomorphism have sharp transitions and continue to exhibit a highly ordered smectic phase over the bulk of their liquid crystal range. Polyacrylates, on the other hand, exhibit a weakening and broadening-out of their thermal transitions consistent with a lowering of order. These results emphasize the effect of the polymer backbone on phase behaviour.

Synthesis and phase behaviour of a homologous series of polymethacrylate-based side-chain liquid crystal polymers

The homologous series of side chain liquid crystal polymers, the poly[x-(4-methoxyazobenzene- 40-oxy)alkyl methacrylate]s, has been prepared in which the length of the flexible alkyl spacer has been varied from 3 to 11 methylene units. All the polymers exhibit liquid crystalline behaviour. The propyl and butyl members show exclusively nematic behaviour. The pentyl, hexyl, octyl and decyl members show a nematic and a smectic A phase while the heptyl, nonyl and undecyl homologues exhibit only a smectic A phase. The smectic A phase has been studied using X-ray diffraction and assigned as a smectic A1 phase in which the side chains are fully overlapped and the backbones are confined to lie between the smectic layers. For the nonyl member an incommensurate smectic phase is observed. The dependence of the transition temperatures on the length of the flexible spacer is understood in terms of the average shapes of the side chains.