Training conditional and cumulative risk judgements: the role of frequencies, problem-structure and Einstellung

Two experiments implement and evaluate a training scheme for learning to apply frequency formats to probability judgements couched in terms of percentages. Results indicate that both conditional and cumulative probability judgements can be improved in this manner, however the scheme is insufficient to promote any deeper understanding of the problem structure. In both experiments, training on one problem type only (either conditional or cumulative risk judgements) resulted in an inappropriate transfer of a learned method at test. The obstacles facing a frequency-based training programme for teaching appropriate use of probability data are discussed. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Investigation into low power of a 2D Inverse Discrete CosineTransform (IDCT) in FPGAs

Design for low power in FPGA is rather limited since technology factors affecting power are either fixed or limited for FPGA families. This paper investigates opportunities for power savings of a pipelined 2D IDCT design at the architecture and logic level. We report power consumption savings of over 25% achieved in FPGA circuits obtained from clock gating implementation of optimizations made at the algorithmic level(1).

Power performance with gated clocks of a pipelined Cordic Core

This paper presents the evaluation in power consumption of gated clocks pipelined circuits with different register configurations in Virtex-based FPGA devices. Power impact of a gated clock circuitry aimed at reducing flip-flops output rate at the bit level is studied. Power performance is also given for pipeline stages based on the implementation of a double edge-triggered flip-flop. Using a pipelined Cordic Core circuit as an example, this study did not find evidence in power benefits either when gated clock at the bit-level or double-edge triggered flip-flops used when synthesized with FPGA logic resources.

An efficient low power FFT implementation for multiband full-rate ultra-wideband (UWB) receivers

This paper discusses the design, implementation and synthesis of an FFT module that has been specifically optimized for use in the OFDM based Multiband UWB system, although the work is generally applicable to many other OFDM based receiver systems. Previous work has detailed the requirements for the receiver FFT module within the Multiband UWB ODFM based system and this paper draws on those requirements coupled with modern digital architecture principles and low power design criteria to converge on our optimized solution. The FFT design obtained in this paper is also applicable for implementation of the transmitter IFFT module therefore only needing one FFT module for half-duplex operation. The results from this paper enable the baseband designers of the 200Mbit/sec variant of Multiband UWB systems (and indeed other OFDM based receivers) using System-on-Chip (SoC), FPGA and ASIC technology to create cost effective and low power solutions biased toward the competitive consumer electronics market.

Phase resetting as a mechanism of ERP generation: evidence from the power spectrum

A Neural Mass model is coupled with a novel method to generate realistic Phase reset ERPs. The power spectra of these synthetic ERPs are compared with the spectra of real ERPs and synthetic ERPs generated via the Additive model. Real ERP spectra show similarities with synthetic Phase reset ERPs and synthetic Additive ERPs.

Optimising the feedback loop of a millimetre-wave absolute photoacoustic power meter using H-infinity control synthesis

An H-infinity control strategy has been developed for the design of controllers used in feedback controlled electrical substitution measurements (FCESM). The methodology has the potential to provide substantial improvements in both response time and resolution of a millimetre-wave absolute photoacoustic power meter.

Power to the people: working-class demand for household power in 1930s Britain

The 1930s witnessed an intense struggle between gas and electricity suppliers for the working class market, where the incumbent utility—gas—was also a reasonably efficient (and cheaper) General Purpose Technology for most domestic uses. Local monopolies for each supplier boosted substitution effects between fuel types—as alternative fuels constituted the only local competition. Using newly-rediscovered returns from a major national household expenditure survey, we employ geographically-determined instrumental variables, more commonly used in the industrial organization literature, to show that gas provided a significant competitor, tempering electricity prices, while electricity demand was also responsive to marketing initiatives.