Periodic auroral events at the high-latitude convection reversal in the 16 MLT region

Combined optical and radar observations of two breakup-like auroral events near the polar cap boundary, within 74–76° MLAT and 1210 – 1240 UT (roughly 1540 – 1610 MLT) on 9 Jan. 1989 are reported. A two-component structure of the auroral phenomenon is indicated, with a local intensification of the pre-existing arc as well as a separate, tailward moving discrete auroral event on the poleward side of the background aurora, close to the reversal between well-defined zones of sunward and tailward ion flows. The all-sky TV observations do not indicate a connection between the two components, which also show different optical spectral composition. The 16 MLT background arc is located on sunward convecting field lines, as opposed to the 12–14 MLT auroral emission observed on this day. Although the magnetospheric plasma source (s) of the 16 MLT events are not easily identified from these ground-based data alone, it is suggested that the lower and higher latitude components, may map to the plasma sheet boundary layer and along open field lines to the magnetopause boundary, respectively. The events occur at the time of enhancements of westward ionospheric ion flow and corresponding eastward electrojet current south of 74° MLAT. Thus, they seem to be very significant events, involving periodic (10 min period), tailward moving filaments of field-aligned current/discrete auroral emission at the 16 MLT polar cap boundary.

Strategy Method (and payment cards)

Payment cards are a useful device to measure subjects’ preferences for a good and especially their willingness to pay for it. Together with some other similar elicitation methods, payment cards are especially appropriate for both hypothetical and incentive-compatible valuations of a good; a property which has prompted many researchers to use them in studies comparing stated and revealed valuations. The Strategy Method (hereafter SM) is a method based on a similar principle as that of payment cards, but is aimed at eliciting a subject’s full profile of responses to each of the strategies available to the rival(s).

On universal and periodic β-expansions, and the Hausdorff dimension of the set of all expansions

We study the topology of a set naturally arising from the study of β-expansions. After proving several elementary results for this set we study the case when our base is Pisot. In this case we give necessary and sufficient conditions for this set to be finite. This finiteness property will allow us to generalise a theorem due to Schmidt and will provide the motivation for sufficient conditions under which the growth rate and Hausdorff dimension of the set of β-expansions are equal and explicitly calculable.