Les Français sous les bombes alliées, 1940-1945

Plus de 517 000 tonnes de bombes sont déversées sur l’Hexagone par les alliés entre 1940 et 1945, soit près de sept fois plus que le total largué sur le Royaume-Uni par la Luftwaffe. Plus de 57 000 Français en sont morts, dont plus de 38 000 au cours de la seule année 1944. Cet aspect fondamental de l’histoire des années noires, que les survivants et les familles des victimes ne connaissent que trop bien, et qui a fait l’objet de nombreuses études locales, est encore relativement marginalisé de la « grande histoire » de l’Occupation et de la Libération. Pourquoi et comment les armées aériennes alliées ont-ils attaqué la France ? Quelles mesures ont été prises par le gouvernement de Vichy pour protéger les populations ? Comment les Alliés ont-ils justifié les attaques auprès des Français, et comment la propagande vichyssoise a-t-elle essayé de les mettre à profit ? Comment les populations civiles ont-ils vécu les bombardements, et comment se sont-elles mobilisées pour se défendre ? Comment la Résistance a-t-elle réagi à des attaques qui ne pouvaient que nuire à son audience au sein des Français, ainsi qu’à celle des « Anglo-saxons » ? Autant de questions auxquelles l’ouvrage comme le documentaire répondent, avec l’appui de documents d’archives britanniques et françaises, mais aussi de témoignages nombreux et émouvants.

ESC Working Group on Myocardial Function Position Paper: how to study the right ventricle in experimental models

The right ventricle has become an increasing focus in cardiovascular research. In this position paper, we give a brief overview of the specific pathophysiological features of the right ventricle, with particular emphasis on functional and molecular modifications as well as therapeutic strategies in chronic overload, highlighting the differences from the left ventricle. Importantly, we put together recommendations on promising topics of research in the field, experimental study design, and functional evaluation of the right ventricle in experimental models, from non-invasive methodologies to haemodynamic evaluation and ex vivo set-ups.

Targeting myocardial remodelling to develop novel therapies for heart failure: a position paper from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology

The failing heart is characterized by complex tissue remodelling involving increased cardiomyocyte death, and impairment of sarcomere function, metabolic activity, endothelial and vascular function, together with increased inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. For years, therapeutic approaches for heart failure (HF) relied on vasodilators and diuretics which relieve cardiac workload and HF symptoms. The introduction in the clinic of drugs interfering with beta-adrenergic and angiotensin signalling have ameliorated survival by interfering with the intimate mechanism of cardiac compensation. Current therapy, though, still has a limited capacity to restore muscle function fully, and the development of novel therapeutic targets is still an important medical need. Recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of myocardial dysfunction in HF is paving the way for development of new treatments capable of restoring muscle function and targeting specific pathological subsets of LV dysfunction. These include potentiating cardiomyocyte contractility, increasing cardiomyocyte survival and adaptive hypertrophy, increasing oxygen and nutrition supply by sustaining vessel formation, and reducing ventricular stiffness by favourable extracellular matrix remodelling. Here, we consider drugs such as omecamtiv mecarbil, nitroxyl donors, cyclosporin A, SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca(2 +) ATPase 2a), neuregulin, and bromocriptine, all of which are currently in clinical trials as potential HF therapies, and discuss novel molecular targets with potential therapeutic impact that are in the pre-clinical phases of investigation. Finally, we consider conceptual changes in basic science approaches to improve their translation into successful clinical applications.