Quantitative analysis of remote gas temperatures and concentrations from their infrared emission spectra

Techniques for obtaining quantitative values of the temperatures and concentrations of remote hot gaseous effluents from their measured passive emission spectra have been examined in laboratory experiments and on field trials. These emission spectra were obtained using an adapted FTIR spectrometer with 0.25 cm-1 spectral resolution. The CO2 and H2O vapour content in the plume from a 55 m smoke stack and the temperature of these gases were obtained by comparing the measured emission spectra with those modelled using the HITRAN atmospheric transmission database. The spatial distributions of CO2, CO and unburnt CH4 in a laboratory methane flame were reconstructed tomographically using a matrix inversion technique.

Carbon suboxide: the infrared spectrum from 1800 to 2600 cm-1

The infrared spectrum of carbon suboxide has been recorded from 1800 to 2600 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.003 cm−1. About 7% of the ca. 40 000 lines observed have been assigned and analyzed, belonging to 36 different bands. Most of these are associated with the fundamental ν3, at 2289.80 cm−1, and the combination band ν2 + ν4, at 2386.61 cm−1, each of which give rise to a system of sum bands, difference bands, and hot bands involving the low-wave-number fundamental ν7 at 18 cm−1. A few other tentative assignments are made. The bands have been analyzed for vibrational and rotational constants.

The infrared spectrum of silicon difluoride

The infrared spectrum of the stretching fundamentals of SiF2 has been obtained at a resolution of ≈ 0.1 cm−1 using a FTIR spectrometer. The spectrum has been analysed using computer simulation based on a coupled hamiltonian for v1 and v3, giving v1 = 855.01 cm−1 and v3 = 870.40 cm−1. The relative magnitude and sign of the vibrational transition moments has been determined from the ξC13 Coriolis coupling.

Coriolis perturbations in the infrared spectrum of diborane

High‐resolution infrared spectra of B2H6 vapor are reported. The sample was prepared from the naturally occurring 11B☒10B isotopic mixture. The rotational structure of the infrared bands has been analysed for Coriolis perturbations due to rotation about the axis of least moment of inertia (the B⋅⋅⋅B axis). The following results have been obtained: (a) interaction between the Type A fundamental ν18 and the inactive fundamental ν5 has been observed, thus confirming the assignment of ν5 at 833 cm—1, giving ∣ ζ5,18Z ∣=0.55±0.05; (b) interaction observed between the Type A combination band (ν10+ν12) at 1283 cm—1 and the inactive combination (ν10+ν7) gives an estimate of the unobserved fundamental ν7 as 850±30 cm—1, and an estimate of ∣ ζ7,12Z ∣=0.6±0.1; (c) the absence of any observed perturbation of the Type C fundamental ν14 at 973 cm—1, suggests, by negative arguments, that either the unobserved fundamental ν9 does not lie in the frequency range 900 to 1100 cm—1, or ∣ ζ9,14Z ∣<0.2. The assignment of the unobserved fundamental vibrations of diborane is discussed in the light of this evidence.

Perturbations in the infrared spectrum of monofluoroacetylene, and their relationship to intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution

Several high-order vibration-rotation perturbations in the high-resolution infrared spectrum of monofluoroacetylene, HCCF, are assigned and analyzed in detail. They result in avoided crossings in the rotational structure of several bands, and precise values for the effective high-order terms in the Hamiltonian have been determined. The significance of these results for intramolecular vibrational redistribution is discussed.

Intensities in infrared bands V: Bond polar properties in dimethylacetylene

The absolute intensities of all except one of the infra-red fundamental vibration bands of dimethyl acetylene have been determined, and the results have been used to compute polar properties of the C—H and C—C bonds. It has been found that if the very probable assumption is made that the acetylenic carbon atoms carry a residual negative charge, the hydrogen atoms in the C—H bonds must carry a residual positive charge. The probable value of the C—H dipole is about 04 Debye, and that of the C—C bond about 1 Debye. Comparisons have been made with the results of similar work with related molecules.

Puckering structure in the infrared spectrum of cyclobutane

The theory of rotational-pucker-vibrational transitions in the vibrational spectrum of cyclobutane is reviewed. Puckering sideband structure on the 1453 cm-1v14 infra-red fundamental of C4H8 has been observed and analysed, in terms of two slightly different puckering potential functions for the ground and the excited vibrational states. The results have been fitted to quartic-quadratic potential functions in the puckering coordinate, with a barrier to inversion of 503 cm-1 (1•44 kcal mole-1 = 6•02 kJ mole-1) in the ground state and 491 cm-1 in the excited state ν14 = 1. For reasonable assumptions about the reduced mass, the equilibrium dihedral angle of the C4 ring is determined to be about 35°, in agreement with previous estimates. Ueda and Shimanouchi's observations on the 2878 cm-1 C4H8 band have been re-analysed, and puckering sidebands have also been observed and analysed for the 1083 cm-1v14 infra-red fundamental of C4D8. Pure puckering transitions have been observed in the Raman spectrum of C4H8 vapour. All of these observations are shown to be consistent with the same ground state puckering potential function.

Infrared and Raman selection rules for cyclopentane

Infra-red and Raman selection rules are obtained for the cyclopentane molecule, on the assumption that it has a free pseudo-rotation with a large potential hump at the D5h configuration. The selection rules obtained, which concern the vibrational, pseudo-rotational, and rotational quantum numbers, are summarized in tables 1, 2 and 3.

Vibrational Renner-Teller effects in the infrared spectrum of carbonsuboxide

The infrared spectrum of carbon suboxide has been recorded with a resolution of 0•01cm-1 from 400 to 700 cm-1. The region from 530 to 570 cm-1 shows intense absorption due to the v6(Πu) band system, of which the fundamental band only has been assigned and analysed, giving v6=540•221 cm-1. The region 590 to 660 cm-1 shows weaker absorption due to the v5(Πg) band system appearing in combination with odd quanta of the v7(Πu) fundamental at 18 cm-1. The v5 + v7 band and several hot bands have been assigned and analysed, and the effective v7 bending potential in the v5 state has been deduced. This potential shows a splitting as the large amplitude bending coordinate q7 is displaced due to interaction between v5 and v7 analogous to the Renner-Teller effect in electronic spectroscopy. This splitting is about 4 cm-1 for the classical turning points in q7 and the mean q7 bending potential is closely similar to that in the ground state.

The infrared spectrum, equilibrium structure and harmonic and anharmonic force field of thioborine, HBS

Infrared spectra of the two stretching fundamentals of both HBS and DBS have been observed, using a continuous flow system through a multiple reflection long path cell at a pressure around 1 Torr and a Nicolet Fourier Transform spectrometer with a resolution of about 0•1 cm-1. The v3 BS stretching fundamental of DBS, near 1140 cm-1, is observed in strong Fermi resonance with the overtone of the bend 2v2. The bending fundamental v2 has not been observed and must be a very weak band. The analysis of the results in conjunction with earlier work gives the equilibrium structure (re(BH) = 1•1698(12) , re(BS) = 1•5978(3) ) and the harmonic and anharmonic force field.

l-resonance perturbations in infrared perpendicular bands

The effects of ℓ-type resonance on rovibrational bands in infrared spectra are reviewed. Observed spectra are compared with computer-simulated spectra obtained by solving the Hamiltonian matrix numerically and calculating the true (perturbed) wavenumber and intensity of each line in the band. The most obvious effects in the spectra are shown to result from intensity perturbations rather than line-shifts; in oblate symmetric tops the Q branch structure near the band center may show anomalies due to ℓ-resonance even at quite low resolution and even when the accidental resonance is not very exact. Numerical values of ℓ-doubling constants are obtained for several cyclopropane bands by comparing observed band contours at about 0.2-cm−1 resolution with computed contours. Although the constants are not determined with great precision, the sign of the ℓ-doubling constants is determined unambiguously.

The high-resolution infrared spectrum of HOF near 2700 cm-1: the ground and 2v2 states

The a/b hybrid-type ν1 fundamental and 2ν2 overtone bands of HOF were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy with a resolution close to 0.008 cm−1. Improved ground state parameters of HOF were determined from a merge of more than 3000 ground state combination differences formed from ν1 and previously measured ν2 transitions with the reported pure rotational lines. Excited state parameters of the v2 = 2 state, ν0 = 2686.924 6(1) and χ22 = −9.942 4(1) cm−1, were determined employing Watson's A-reduced Hamiltonian up to sixth order in I′ representation. The 2ν2 state was found to be unperturbed, the excited state parameters being closely related to those of ν2.

Calibration and use of a cesium-iodide prism in the infrared

With a cesium-iodide prism the long wavelength range of an infrared spectrometer may be extended to 55µ The use of such a prism, the choice of optical system, and the problems of stray radiation are all discussed. Accurate data are assembled for calibration in this region, and sample calibration traces are shown. A simple gas absorption cell is described for use at long wavelengths.

The infrared spectrum of the ν2 and ν3 bands of H16OF, H18OF, and D16OF

Fourier transform IR spectra in the ν2 and ν3 regions between 800 and 1500 cm−1 have been measured of H16OF with a resolution of 0.007 cm−1 and of H18OF and DOF with a resolution of 0.040 cm−1. Ground state constants have been improved for H16OF and have been obtained for the first time for H18OF. Parameters of the v2 = 1 and v3 = 1 excited states have been determined from rovibrational analyses of ca. 1000 ν2/ν3 lines which were fitted with σ 0.36, 4.5, and 7.6 × 10−3 cm−1 for H16OF, H18OF, and D16OF, respectively. Band centers of ν2/ν3 are 1353.40466(5)/889.07974(6), 1350.3976(5)/862.2967(7), and 1002.0083(9)/891.0014(15) cm−1, respectively, for the three isotopic species. While ν2 and ν3 are sufficiently separated in HOF to be treated independently, a Coriolis resonance is evident in DOF, the interaction constant ξ23c = 0.19073(16) cm−1 being in agreement with the prediction from the harmonic force field.