Improvement of classification accuracy for stochastic discrimination - Multi-class classification

In this paper, an improved stochastic discrimination (SD) is introduced to reduce the error rate of the standard SD in the context of multi-class classification problem. The learning procedure of the improved SD consists of two stages. In the first stage, a standard SD, but with shorter learning period is carried out to identify an important space where all the misclassified samples are located. In the second stage, the standard SD is modified by (i) restricting sampling in the important space; and (ii) introducing a new discriminant function for samples in the important space. It is shown by mathematical derivation that the new discriminant function has the same mean, but smaller variance than that of standard SD for samples in the important space. It is also analyzed that the smaller the variance of the discriminant function, the lower the error rate of the classifier. Consequently, the proposed improved SD improves standard SD by its capability of achieving higher classification accuracy. Illustrative examples axe provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed improved SD.

Synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic properties of two bis(μ-phenoxido)dicopper(II) complexes derived from reduced Schiff base ligands

Two phenoxido bridged dinuclear Cu(II) complexes, [Cu-2(L-1)(2)(NCNCN)(2)] (1) and [Cu-2(L-2)(2)(NCNCN)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O (2) have been synthesized using the tridentate reduced Schiff-base ligands 2-[1-(2-dimethylamino-ethylamino)-ethyl]-phenol (HL1) and 2-[1-(3-methylamino-propylamino)-ethyl]-phenol (HL2), respectively. The complexes have been characterized by X-ray structural analyses and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. Both the complexes present a diphenoxido bridging Cu2O2 core. The geometries around metal atoms are intermediate between trigonal bipyramid and square pyramid with the Addison parameters (tau) = 0.57 and 0.49 for 1 and 2, respectively. Within the core the Cu-O-Cu angles are 99.15 degrees and 103.51 degrees and average Cu-O bond distances are 2.036 and 1.978 angstrom for compounds 1 and 2, respectively. These differences have marked effect on the magnetic properties of two compounds. Although both are antiferromagnetically coupled, the coupling constants (J = -184.3 and -478.4 cm (1) for 1 and 2, respectively) differ appreciably.

A finite element-spherical harmonics model for radiative transfer in inhomogeneous clouds. Part II. some applications

EVENT has been used to examine the effects of 3D cloud structure, distribution, and inhomogeneity on the scattering of visible solar radiation and the resulting 3D radiation field. Large eddy simulation and aircraft measurements are used to create realistic cloud fields which are continuous or broken with smooth or uneven tops. The values, patterns and variance in the resulting downwelling and upwelling radiation from incident visible solar radiation at different angles are then examined and compared to measurements. The results from EVENT confirm that 3D cloud structure is important in determining the visible radiation field, and that these results are strongly influenced by the solar zenith angle. The results match those from other models using visible solar radiation, and are supported by aircraft measurements of visible radiation, providing confidence in the new model.

An operationally simple sonogashira reaction for an undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory class

An operationally simple, reliable, and cheap Sonogashira reaction suitable for an undergraduate laboratory class that can be completed within a day-long (8 h) laboratory session has been developed. Cross-coupling is carried out between 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol and various aryl iodides using catalytic amounts of bis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, with copper(I) iodide as a cocatalyst, in triethylamine at room temperature, so a range of products can be prepared within a single group and results compared. The coupling itself is usually complete within 1.5 h and is easily monitored by TLC, leaving up to 6 h for purification and characterization. Purification is by “mini flash column chromatography” through a plug of silica encased in the barrel of a plastic syringe, so the procedure is amenable to large class sizes.