State Policies, Territories and Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Ecuador (1983-2012)

This work seeks to reconstruct the dynamics of the agreements and disagreements between the State and the indigenous peoples in Ecuador, emphasising particularly on two key elements: first, the indigenous peoples participation and exercise of their political rights, in particular the right to self-government and autonomy within their jurisdictions; and secondly, indigenous peoples’ degree of direct influence on public policies’ formulation and implementation, specially those directly affecting their territories, including the exploitation of natural resources. In Ecuador, during this historical period, the state has gone through three major moments in its relationship with indigenous peoples: neo - indigenism associated to developmentalism (1980-1984); multiculturalism associated to neoliberalism (1984- 2006) as one of the dominant trends over the period; and the crisis of neoliberalism and the search for national diversity and interculturalism associated to post- neoliberalism (2007-2013). Each has had a particular connotation, as to the scope and methods to respond to indigenous demands. In this context, this research aims to answer the central question: how has the Ecuadorian State met the demands of the indigenous movement in the last three decades, and how has it ensured the validity of their gradually recognized rights? And how and to what extent by doing so, it contradicts and alters the existing economic model based on the extraction of primary resources?

“No narrar” al subalterno: un apunte sobre la obra de José María Arguedas (Homenaje)

Este ensayo sostiene que la narrativa de José María Arguedas no puede entenderse como el intento de “mostrar” el mundo andino a un lector criollo que lo desconoce, como si tal proceso fuera directo y transparente. Una lectura atenta de sus principales novelas revela, por el contrario, que los personajes indígenas nunca son los principales y que sus descripciones están siempre marcadas por un impase donde se reconoce que hay algo intraducible e incognoscible en la cultura subalterna. Intentar responder a tal interrogante (cuál es la política de “no narrar” al subalterno o de no poder hacerlo?) es objetivo de este ensayo que concluye subrayando que antes que la pregunta por la identidad lo que se observa en los personajes de Arguedas es una demanda de reconocimiento situada más allá de cualquier poder o control social.