La universidad terrateniente: biopolítica, poder soberano y resistencia indígena-campesina en las haciendas de la Universidad Central en la Provincia de Cotopaxi, 1930-1980 (Estudios)

Este artículo estudia el proceso de constitución, apogeo y disolución de las haciendas que fueron de propiedad de la Universidad Central del Ecuador, en el cantón Saquisilí, provincia de Cotopaxi, entre 1930 y 1980. Este estudio considera que la hacienda constituyó un sistema de poder (biopoder) con alto grado de autonomía respecto a las leyes e instituciones del Estado, sometida a la voluntad soberana del hacendado y administrada por arrendatarios que ejercían a menudo una autoridad despótica. El artículo destaca la resistencia indígena, la participación de la izquierda en la crítica al sistema de hacienda, y la reticencia de la Universidad Central a entregar la tierra a los campesinos.

State Policies, Territories and Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Ecuador (1983-2012)

This work seeks to reconstruct the dynamics of the agreements and disagreements between the State and the indigenous peoples in Ecuador, emphasising particularly on two key elements: first, the indigenous peoples participation and exercise of their political rights, in particular the right to self-government and autonomy within their jurisdictions; and secondly, indigenous peoples’ degree of direct influence on public policies’ formulation and implementation, specially those directly affecting their territories, including the exploitation of natural resources. In Ecuador, during this historical period, the state has gone through three major moments in its relationship with indigenous peoples: neo - indigenism associated to developmentalism (1980-1984); multiculturalism associated to neoliberalism (1984- 2006) as one of the dominant trends over the period; and the crisis of neoliberalism and the search for national diversity and interculturalism associated to post- neoliberalism (2007-2013). Each has had a particular connotation, as to the scope and methods to respond to indigenous demands. In this context, this research aims to answer the central question: how has the Ecuadorian State met the demands of the indigenous movement in the last three decades, and how has it ensured the validity of their gradually recognized rights? And how and to what extent by doing so, it contradicts and alters the existing economic model based on the extraction of primary resources?