Grandes enfermedades que asolaron a Quito y Guayaquil durante el siglo XVIII y el rol de la iglesia frente a este problema

El presente trabajo se orienta a establecer cuales fueron las enfermedades y las epidemias que afectaron a la población de las ciudades más importantes de la Audiencia de Quito durante el siglo XVIII: Quito y Guayaquil. A partir de ello, y de forma transversal al estudio, se pretende conocer de qué forma participó la Iglesia frente a los problemas de salud que aquejaron a la población urbana colonial. Esta investigación partió de la hipótesis de que enfermedades como la viruela, el sarampión y la fiebre amarilla no fueron las únicas que afectaron a la población de ambas ciudades durante el siglo XVIII, sino que hubo otras que, por sus características, pudieron tomar alcances epidemiológicos graves. Se efectúa una mirada hacia la práctica de los médicos y curanderos, la misma que se encontraba en manos de pocas personas que habían recibido sus títulos del protomedicato de Lima, así como de médicos que habían sido reconocidos como tales por ser los que ejercían purgas y sangrías y recetaban en las ciudades durante muchos años.

Las enfermedades más importantes en Quito y Guayaquil durante los siglos XIX y XX

Las siguientes páginas recogen la revisión bibliográfica y documental referente a las enfermedades más importantes que se produjeron en las ciudades de Quito y Guayaquil durante los siglos XIX y XX, lapso correspondiente al inicio y construcción de la época republicana. Se trabajó en este espacio temporal por dos razones: primero para dar continuidad a la investigación previa, que, sobre el mismo tema, fuera realizada para el siglo XVIII; segundo porque en estos siglos -XIX y XX- los conflictos de salud y los intentos por atender este problema, tuvieron particular importancia en la constitución social y política de los habitantes de los territorios que en la actualidad corresponden al Ecuador. De esta manera, además, nos encontramos en un intento de esbozar la situación de salud de los habitantes de nuestros territorios durante dos momentos: la época colonial, y la republicana.

Collaboration between infection control and occupational health in three continents: a success story with international impact

Globalization has been accompanied by the rapid spread of infectious diseases, and further strain on working conditions for health workers globally. Post-SARS, Canadian occupational health and infection control researchers got together to study how to better protect health workers, and found that training was indeed perceived as key to a positive safety culture. This led to developing information and communication technology (ICT) tools. The research conducted also showed the need for better workplace inspections, so a workplace audit tool was also developed to supplement worker questionnaires and the ICT. When invited to join Ecuadorean colleagues to promote occupational health and infection control, these tools were collectively adapted and improved, including face-to-face as well as on-line problem-based learning scenarios. The South African government then invited the team to work with local colleagues to improve occupational health and infection control, resulting in an improved web-based health information system to track incidents, exposures, and occupational injury and diseases. As the H1N1 pandemic struck, the online infection control course was adapted and translated into Spanish, as was a novel skill-building learning tool that permits health workers to practice selecting personal protective equipment. This tool was originally developed in collaboration with the countries from the Caribbean region and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Research from these experiences led to strengthened focus on building capacity of health and safety committees, and new modules are thus being created, informed by that work. The products developed have been widely heralded as innovative and interactive, leading to their inclusion into “toolkits” used internationally. The tools used in Canada were substantially improved from the collaborative adaptation process for South and Central America and South Africa. This international collaboration between occupational health and infection control researchers led to the improvement of the research framework and development of tools, guidelines and information systems. Furthermore, the research and knowledge-transfer experience highlighted the value of partnership amongst Northern and Southern researchers in terms of sharing resources, experiences and knowledge.

All Hands on Deck: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Emerging Infectious Disease

The increasing burden of emerging infectious diseases worldwide confronts us with numerous challenges, including the imperative to design research and responses that are commensurate to understanding the complex social and ecological contexts in which infectious diseases occur. A diverse group of scientists met in Hawaii in March 2005 to discuss the linked social and ecological contexts in which infectious diseases emerge. A subset of the meeting was a group that focused on ‘‘transdisciplinary approaches’’ to integrating knowledge across and beyond academic disciplines in order to improve prevention and control of emerging infections. This article is based on the discussions of that group. Here, we outline the epidemiological legacy that has dominated infectious disease research and control up until now, and introduce the role of new, transdisciplinary and systems-based approaches to emerging infectious diseases.Wedescribe four cases of transboundary health issues and use them to discuss the potential benefits, as well as the inherent difficulties, in understanding the social–ecological contexts in which infectious diseases occur and of using transdisciplinary approaches to deal with them.