The Assault on Human Rigths and the Resilience of the Andean Dream: Health Inequities in Ecuador. IV Annual Distinguished Lecture sponsored by the Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health; School of Public Health; University of Michigan

The point of departure for these reflections is life, since its protection is the central purpose encouraging the defense of human rights and of public health. Life in the Andes has an exceptional diversity. Particularly in Ecuador, my country, this diversity constitutes a characteristic sign that is expressed in two main forms: natural megadiversity and multiculturalism. Indeed, Ecuador’s small territory synthesizes practically all types of lifezones that exist on Earth, having received the gift of high average rates of solar energy and abundant nutritional sources, which have facilitated the natural reproduction of countless species that show their beautiful vitality in the variety of ecosystems that compose the Andean mountain range, the tropical plains, the Amazon humid forests, and the Galapagos Islands. But besides being a highly biodiverse country, it is also a plurinational and multi-cultural society, in which the activity of human beings, organized into social conglomerates of different historical and cultural backgrounds, have formed more than a dozen nations and peoples. Regrettably this natural and human wealth has not been able to bear its best fruits due to the violent operation of a deep social inequity – unfortunately also one of the highest in the Americas—which conspires against life and is reproduced in national and international inequitable relations. This structural inequity has changed its form throughout the centuries and currently has reached its highest and most perverse level of development.

Las relaciones diplomáticas entre García Moreno y la Santa Sede (1861-1866)

El presente texto busca dilucidar las tratativas diplomáticas entre García Moreno y la Santa Sede que ocurrieron entre el 1861 y 1866 y cuyo fin era conseguir el Concordato: un pacto que el Presidente ecuatoriano consideraba fundamental para la realización de su proyecto de reformas. Frente a un país lacerado por luchas internas y dividido entre sí, era necesario un cambio enérgico para establecer el orden social y la unión nacional. Paladino de la reforma debía ser, según García Moreno, el clero a su vez reformado y vuelto ejemplo de virtud para restituir el orden y la moral al país entero. Entonces, era primordial un Concordato con la Santa Sede para imponer la reforma del clero y establecer los límites entre poder religioso y estatal. No obstante el Concordato no representó una solución fácil e inmediata al cambio, en cuanto planteó una serie de contrastes, discusiones, reformulaciones y cambios que desvelaron los intereses que rodeaban al poder estatal y religioso en el país. En este contexto la Santa Sede iba a representar una fuente legitimadora del poder religioso, demostrando su preferencia en tratar las cuestiones con el Presidente ecuatoriano y su legítimo gobierno, marginando el parlamento. El Concordato resultó ser un documento que permitió a García Moreno fortalecer su control sobre la Iglesia ecuatoriana y mediar con la Santa Sede algunas cuestiones, sobre todo la inherente el diezmo, obteniendo una mayor ventaja económica para el Estado. Soluciones que, no fueron definitivas, sino que dejaron abierta la discusión para ulteriores tratativas.