Conceptualization and therapeutic treatment of a compulsive gambling case by Functional Analysis and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

A clinical case of compulsive gambling is exposed in this article. The subject’s playing behaviour had both positive and negative consequences. The subject tried to practice control over the urge to play. As shown in the functional analysis, the failure to control the urge despite the best efforts worsened the problem due to its negative consequences. A variation of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) was applied in order to break down the fight-surrender vicious circle of the playing behaviour. Two treatment strategies were agreed upon: acceptance of the fact that both playing and not playing had negatives consequences and commitment to one of these options despite its disadvantages. Finally, it is proposed that this acceptance and commitment therapy is a useful therapeutic process as it decreases the suffering subject and eliminates the problem: playing bahaviour.

The playful as a psycho-pedagogic method: one experience in preventing youth drug dependence

This participatory action research was based on a experience of educational intervention on La Cruz and Bello Oriente (Manrique-Medellin), a marginal zone in the northeastern part of the Commune 3 in Medellin,. Colombia. In this marginal sector, psychosocial problems seem to be associated to limited educational and employment opportunities, domestic violence, illegal armed forces, sexual abuse, social discrimination, and lack of adequate public services, among others.  All these are also considered as risk factors for drug dependency.  We used a structured interview designed to identify leisure tendencies, use of free time, and tendencies in recreational activities. Data from the interview were triangulated with information collected by observation and in field work and used to build a psycho-pedagogic method based on play and leisure activities. The effects of the use of this educational intervention on the satisfaction of human needs were analyzed in light of the theory of Manfred Max-Neef. Results point out the need for new educational strategies aimed to promote creativity, solidarity, mental, physical and social health, more enthusiasm and motivation and in general, positive attitudes that help prevent drug dependence.

O Papel de Variáveis Sócio-Demográficas na Tomada de Decisão: Uma Revisão Sistemática sobre o Iowa Gambling Task

O interesse em estudar o papel de variáveis sócio-demográficas no funcionamento cognitivo vem ganhando destaque nos últimos anos. Alguns estudos em neuropsicologia têm mostrado que os fatores sócio-culturais podem ser variáveis importantes na execução de tarefas neuropsicológicas. No entanto, pesquisas com populações saudáveis ainda são recentes na área. O presente artigo teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o papel das variáveis sócio-demográficas escolaridade, idade e gênero no processamento da tomada de decisão avaliado pelo Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Foram consultadas as bases de dados Medline, Pubmed, Psycinfo e Web of Science, no período de 2000 até 2010, com as seguintes palavras-chaves na sintaxe “education OR schooling AND Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável escolaridade; “age” OR “aging” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável idade e; “sex” OR “gender” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável sexo/gênero. Dos abstracts que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão, foram examinados 9 artigos completos para a variável idade, 3 artigos para a variável escolaridade e 6 artigos para a variável gênero. Foram encontrados poucos estudos sobre os fatores idade, escolaridade e gênero e seu impacto no desempenho do IGT. A variável mais estudada foi a idade. A maioria dos estudos mostrou que os adultos jovens tiveram uma melhor aprendizagem ao longo da tarefa do que os adultos idosos, mas não tiveram diferenças quanto ao desempenho total no instrumento. Já quanto ao fator escolaridade poucos estudos foram encontrados e quanto à variável gênero os resultados são contraditórios. Assim, evidencia-se a necessidade de um maior número de investigações com populações saudáveis que esclareçam o papel das variáveis idade, escolaridade e gênero na tomada de decisão mensurada pelo IGT.

Sleep quality perception in youth population

To assess sleep habits and sleep quality perception in a Colombian and Mexican youth sample. Materials and methods: following a sleep diary methodology with a questionnaire of 27 categorical and quantitative items, the assessment was done immediately upon awakening. Results: it was applied to 317 high school (n= 189) and undergrads (n= 128) in Bogotá, Colombia (n= 197) and México City, México (n= 120); 147 females (46,4%) and 170 males (53,6%). The mean age was 18,6 ± 2,81 years with a median and mode of 17 years. The Cronbach’s alpha obtained from 135 measurements during the study period was 0,86 and 0,57 from the mean values of 27 scale items. An inverse correlation was found between hours of sleep per night and number of naps (r= -0,12; p= 0,029); 38% of participants did not nap and slept on average 7,6 night hours or more (X2= 2,78; p= 0,047). The men took more naps than women (men 76,5%; women 55,6%; X2= 15,26; p= 0,000). A reduction of hours of sleep per night and the need for naps was significantly associated with participants’ gender. The mean and median hours of sleep per night (7,2 hours) was used to classify the population into two groups: sleep (+) 7,3 or more hours and sleep (-) 7,2 hours or less. These groups were compared. Conclusions: youth population evaluated showed a reduction of hours of sleep per night was found. This was associated to naps frequency and participant gender.