Determinación de los efectos en la salud de los trabajadores del programa de control de vectores expuestos laboralmente a organoclorados en tres departamentos de Colombia 2013

Objetivo: Evaluar la exposición a plaguicidas organoclorados empleados en salud publica en la población trabajadora del programa de control de vectores en tres regiones de Colombia en 2013. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el grupo de trabajadores del programa de control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores -ETV- (coordinadores, técnicos, entomólogos, técnicos y auxiliares) de los departamentos de Meta, Nariño y Risaralda. A todos los participantes se les realizó una entrevista en la cual se recogió, mediante cuestionario, información de las tres variables de muestreo: sociodemográficas, ocupacionales, clínicas y toxicológicas. Se determinaron los niveles de 13 organoclorados en suero mediante cromatografía de gases en el Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo y se llevo a cabo un análisis para determinar la distribución de medias entre variables de exposición ocupacional (Ji2 para cualitativas y U de Mann-Whitney para cuantitativas). Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo un análisis multivariado para estimar la asociación controlando por variables de antigüedad, exposición laboral a organoclorados. Resultados: El reporte de manipulación de insecticidas organoclorados fue del 39,1%. El 100% de los trabajadores que usaron organoclorados refirieron el uso DDT. El 7,5% (n=3) refirieron el uso de Aldrin. Los organoclorados fueron hexaclorbenceno, hexaclorocicloexano, heptacloro, heptaclorepoxi, α-Clordano, 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, β -endosulfan, 2,4- DDT, endosulfan sulfato y mirex. Los organoclorados con niveles pico más altos fueron β-HCH, 4,4- DDT y α –HCH. Los síntomas de mayor presentación fueron: cefalea 28,7%, mareo 29,9%, disminución de fuerza en MMSS 17,2% y síntomas neurosiquiátricos.

Short Term Health Shocks and School Attendance: The Case of a Dengue Fever Outbreak in Colombia.

This paper makes use of a short, sharp, unexpected health shock in the form of the 2010 Colombian Dengue outbreak to examine the direct and indirect impact of negative health shocks on behaviour of households in affected areas. Our analysis combines data from several sources in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the influence of the outbreak, and furthermore to understand the underlying mechanisms driving the effects. Our initial analysis indicates that the outbreak had a substantial negative effect on the health status of adults and adversely affected their ability to function as usual in their daily lives. In our aggregated school data, in areas with high levels of haemorrhagic Dengue we observe a reduction innational exam attendance (last year of secondary school) and on enrolment rates in primary education. Further analysis aims to exploit detailed individual level data to gain a more in depth understanding of the precise channels through which this disease influenced the behaviour and outcomes of the poor in Colombia.

The use of insect cells to identify potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of the Dengue and Chikungunya viruses and unravel their molecular mechanism of action

Dengue and Chikungunya viruses cause the most important arthropod-borne viral infections for humans. These viruses are predominant in tropical and subtropical regions. In addition, these viruses are predominant in tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue mortality rate is around 1.2 to 3.5% and deaths due to chikungunya fever are around 1 in 1000; however, half of chikungunya-infected patients evolve into a chronic state that can persist for months up to years. There are no antiviral drugs available for DENV and CHIKV treatment and prevention. Moreover, vector control strategies have failed so far. Thus, the development of potent inhibitors for a broad spectrum of RNA viruses is urgently needed. We established and characterized a new embryonic insect cell line from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. Also we established the flaviviruses and alphavirus replication, both in C6/36 and Lulo insect cell lines, as well as in Vero cell line. In addition we carried out a reference compound library and reference panel of assays and data for DENV, which provides a benchmark for further studies. During this study, a panel of 9 antiviral molecules, with proven in vitro anti-dengue virus activity and that act at different stages of the DENV life cycle, was selected. Finally, Favipiravir or T-705, was identified as inhibitor in vitro and in vivo of alphaviruses and the mutation K291R in nsP4, which is responsible of the polymerase activity, was found as the mode of action in CHIKV. Interestingly, lysine in motif F1 is also highly conserved in positive-stranded RNA viruses and this might explain the broad spectrum of T-705 antiviral activity.