Does the collective strategy ensure the small and medium sized perdurability?

El posicionamiento estratégico se define como el punto de partida de toda reflexión de la organización (por más pequeña que sea) que pretende poner un lugar dentro de la empresa el”give back” del propio rendimiento. En el caso de la estrategia colectiva, no sólo hay una visión de un dirigente (manager), al contrario hay una gran cantidad de visiones de diferentes gestores, que tendrá que tomar decisiones comunes beneficiosas para sus propios intereses y el común de los intereses de cada empresa. Por lo tanto, es esencial que la situación actual y los objetivos a alcanzar estén claramente definidos desde el comienzo de la elaboración de la estrategia, para evitar las posibles divergencias que puedan poner en riesgo la coherencia de la estrategia. Con los problemas encontrados en la PYME francesa, como el inicio de la actividad, los problemas financieros, la integración organizativa y la competencia y el desarrollo de productos, la estrategia colectiva aparece como una posible solución que permite a la PYME perdurar en el tiempo. En Francia, impulsada por el Gobierno y otras instituciones financieras y administrativas, esta estrategia ha conseguido resultados que antes no se habían pensado, como lo demuestra el estudio de modelo urbano el cuál es presentado en esta investigación. Esta es la razón y el por qué se eligió este tema.

Networks and RegionalCompetitiveness: Towards a Transaction Cost Approach of Small-Scale Cooperation

A preoccupation with competition often dominates the study of governance. A focus on competition often unnecessarily precludes the possibility that regional institutions can suspend competition in certain areas and facilitate cooperation among potential rivals, thereby potentially contributing to their mutual success. In many ways companies cooperating through these types of networks have a greater degree of flexibility than firms which are forced to rely solely on hierarchies or markets for solutions to their problems. In order to fully understand how such networks work, this article first parses out differences in definitions of networks in order to understand how the type of network mentioned above actually differs from other uses of this term. Then it develops a theory of governance that goes beyond hierarchies and markets by demonstrating how this type of network can lead to reductions in transaction costs. This claim is illustrated on hand from examples of alternative forms of organization in Germany and Italy.

The Intrapreneur Innovation:Led by Medium and Small Size Companies‘Managers*(Qualitative Research)

This research is focused on an exploratory study developed with Pymes managers and theirroles as intrapreneurs. Using their leadership to impel innovation into organizations.Looking to determined how Pymes employers incentive into organizations individuals or groupinnovations. Therefore, it is possible to think that managers lead the innovation process, whichis classified gradually according to companies needs in order to improve their competitiveness.Organization must have intrapreneuring and organized culture with flexible structure to generateindividual autonomy. A characteristic is the amount of capital risk needed; that is why it isnecessary encourage their work and their risk tolerance.

Lethal Closeness: The Evolution of a Small-World Drug Trafficking Network

The evolution of the drug trafficking network –so-called– ‘Cartel del Norte del Valle’, is studied using network analysis methods. We found that the average length between any pair of its members was bounded by 4 –an attribute of smallworld networks. In this tightly connected network, informational shocks induce fear and the unleashing of searches of threatening nodes, using available paths. Lethal violence ensues in clusters of increasing sizes that fragment the network, without compromising, however, the survival of the largest component, which proved to be resilient to massive violence. In spite of a success from the point of view of head counting, the US’ socialization program for drug traffickers did not effectively change the cyclical dynamics of the drug dealing business: war survivors took over what was left from the old network initiating a new cycle of business and violence.

Small-area variation in health care affecting the choice of cesarean delivery: the case of a Colombian health insurer

In the midst of health care reform, Colombia has succeeded in increasing health insurance coverage and the quality of health care. In spite of this, efficiency continues to be a matter of concern, and small-area variations in health care are one of the plausible causes of such inefficiencies. In order to understand this issue, we use individual data of all births from a Contributory-Regimen insurer in Colombia. We perform two different specifications of a multilevel logistic regression model. Our results reveal that hospitals account for 20% of variation on the probability of performing cesarean sections. Geographic area only explains 1/3 of the variance attributable to the hospital. Furthermore, some variables from both demand and supply sides are found to be also relevant on the probability of undergoing cesarean sections. This paper contributes to previous research by using a hierarchical model and by defining hospitals as cluster. Moreover, we also include clinical and supply induced demand variables.