Principales actores en la formación de la política de modernización de transporte urbano de la Alcaldía de Maracaibo

La década de los noventa marcó el inicio de la modernización del transporte urbano en las principales ciudades de Venezuela, entre ellas en la ciudad de Maracaibo, segunda ciudad en importancia en el país, proceso que tuvo lugar formalmente desde la Alcaldía de Maracaibo, pero en el cual participaron numerosos actores nacionales e internacionales que dan cuenta de un proceso que se inserta en un modelo de transporte urbano de origen foráneo, vinculado a la necesidad de poner esta actividad a tono con los requerimientos de una economía de mercado. El propósito de este trabajo es identificar la política que en definitiva se formó, los distintos actores involucrados y el rol de cada uno. Se parte de la hipótesis que es escasa la participación local en este proceso, el cual se origina en los organismos multilaterales. Los resultados revelan: 1) Los principales actores involucrados en la formación de la política fueron: Banco Mundial, Consorcio Systra-Sofrrtu, Instituto Municipal de Transporte Colectivo Urbano de la ciudad de Maracaibo (IMTCUMA), Fondo Nacional de Transporte Urbano (FONTUR), Ministerio de Infraestructura (MINFRA), antiguo Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones (MTC), La Universidad del Zulia, Comisión Presidencial del transporte para la ciudad de Maracaibo, Consejo Venezolano de transporte, Alcaldía de Maracaibo y Metro de Maracaibo; 2) La participación de estos organismos fue muy variada, correspondiéndole el rol de orientador al Banco Mundial y el resto en distintos niveles y en el rol de asesores y ejecutores; 3) La política estuvo dirigida a: reducir los tiempos de viaje de los trabajadores; incorporar empresas privadas en el sector transporte y dar prioridad en la prestación del servicio en los sectores comerciales e industriales. Se concluye que la política de transporte de la ciudad de Maracaibo ha tenido lugar con la participación de los organismos multilaterales y la escasa participación del gobierno local y los usuarios.-----The 1990s marked the start of the urban transport modernization in the main cities of Venezuela, including Maracaibo, the second city. It was formally managed from the Mayor’s Office of Maracaibo, but involved a number of national and international actors in a process that became embedded into an urban transport model of foreign origin, linked to the need of aligning this activity with the market economy requirements. The purpose of this paper is to identify the policy that resulted in the end, the different actors involved, and the role played by each of them. The basis assumption is the scarce local participation in this process, which arose from multilateral organizations. The results reveal that: 1) The main actors involved in the policy structuring were: World Bank, Systra-Sofrrtu Consortium, Maracaibo Urban Mass Transport Institute (Instituto Municipal de Transporte Colectivo Urbano de la ciudad de Maracaibo –IMTCUMA–), National Urban Transport Fund (Fondo Nacional de Transporte Urbano –FONTUR–), Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA), former Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC), La Universidad del Zulia, President’s Transport Commission for the city of Maracaibo, Venezuelan Transport Board, Mayor’s Office of Maracaibo, and Metro of Maracaibo; 2) The participation of these organizations was very varying, the World Bank playing the directing role, and the others in different levels as advisors and implementers; 3) The policy was addressed to: reducing workers commuting times; incorporating private companies into the transport sector; and giving priority to the service provision in commercial and industrial sectors. The conclusion is that the transport policy in the city of Maracaibo occurred with the participation of multilateral organizations and very little participation of the local government and users.

The Bogota – sabana region : the political economy behind the struggle to implement a sustainable urban development model

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Transport impact of in urban planning: the case of Transmilenio in Bogota

The growth and expansion of cities during the last century can’t be seen without taking into account the important role they have assumed in the transport infrastructure. In Bogota have passed trough streetcar, buses and automóviles was deciding for the city, because all this periods marked a drastic change in growth morphology. This article studies the planning of Mass Transit System –MTS– Transmilenio and its interaction with the urban structure, in light of the current city planning framework. It also specifies the behavior of land use in the construction of the system first phase. One of the most important findings of this study is that there is no articulation between land and transport use system, despite the decisions taken in the ordering model. Similarly, local and intermediate planning exhibits Peak articulation.The existing infrastructure of the MTS reiterates the tendency to concentrate the accessibility in one place: the center has the largest accessibility whereas periphery fails to overcome its limitations of accessibility. While the city continued with this trend the existence of a coordinated planning system for Bogota and the ability to meet expectations of planning model is questionable, however it is something that depends not only on MTS.

Investment in transport capacity and regulation of regional monopolies in natural gas commodity markets

This paper develops a model of the regulator-regulated firm relationship in a regional natural gas commodity market which can be linked to a competitive market by a pipeline. We characterize normative policies under which the regulator, in addition to setting the level of the capacity of the pipeline, regulates the price of gas, under asymmetric information on the firm’s technology, and may (or may not) operate (two-way) transfers between consumers and the firm. We then focus on capacity and investigate how its level responds to the regulator’s taking account of the firm’s incentive compatibility constraints. The analysis yields some insights on the role that transport capacity investments may play as an instrument to improve the efficiency of geographically isolated markets.