Diferenciales salariales por género y región en Colombia: Una aproximación con regresión por cuantiles

The evidence of gender pay gap is present in the Colombian labormarket, as in many other countries. This gap is not homogeneous in the territory,which provides the rationale for a detailed analysis of what is happening in each ofthe regions of the country. The results show differentials of positive wage gaps infavor of men, in most of the main cities. Not all this difference can be attributedto the existence of discrimination as there exist factors that explain part of thewage gap. To identify the relevance of those factors we use the Blinder-Oaxaca,BO, decomposition in the context of quantile regression. The results of the BOmethod suggest that wage gaps are not explained by the observable attributes ofindividuals. These gaps are mostly explained by the effect of pay gaps to attributessuch as education, and unobserved attributes. The analysis by cities shows patternsthat reveal a higher wage gap in the peripheral cities as opposed to Bogot´a, Cali,Medellín, Manizales and Pereira. Differences in compensation to attributes arerepresented by what is known as the coefficients effect. This effect comprises aswell the existence of discrimination by gender, thus this result deserves specialattention for the purposes of gender equalizing payment policies

Distribution patterns of infection with multiple types of human papillomaviruses and their association with risk factors

Background: Infection with multiple types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main risk factors associated with the development of cervical lesions. In this study, cervical samples collected from 1,810 women with diverse sociocultural backgrounds, who attended to their cervical screening program in different geographical regions of Colombia, were examined for the presence of cervical lesions and HPV by Papanicolau testing and DNA PCR detection, respectively. Principal Findings: The negative binomial distribution model used in this study showed differences between the observed and expected values within some risk factor categories analyzed. Particularly in the case of single infection and coinfection with more than 4 HPV types, observed frequencies were smaller than expected, while the number of women infected with 2 to 4 viral types were higher than expected. Data analysis according to a negative binomial regression showed an increase in the risk of acquiring more HPV types in women who were of indigenous ethnicity (+37.8%), while this risk decreased in women who had given birth more than 4 times (-31.1%), or were of mestizo (-24.6%) or black (-40.9%) ethnicity. Conclusions: According to a theoretical probability distribution, the observed number of women having either a single infection or more than 4 viral types was smaller than expected, while for those infected with 2-4 HPV types it was larger than expected. Taking into account that this study showed a higher HPV coinfection rate in the indigenous ethnicity, the role of underlying factors should be assessed in detail in future studies.