Estudio de seguimiento de las audiometrías de los años 2009, 2010 y 2011 de los pilotos de las fuerzas militares

La audición es el segundo mecanismo sensorial más importante después de la visión para obtener información durante la operación de una aeronave. Les permite a los pilotos percibir, procesar identificar los sonidos del ambiente que los rodea. Así necesita oír bien tanto en vuelo como en tierra, especialmente entre 500 y 3000 Hz para la recepción del lenguaje hablado y de las señales auditivas. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios progresivos en el tiempo y las frecuencias auditivas que se afectan en las audiometrías de los pilotos militares de las fuerzas militares en los años 2009, 2010 y 2011. Material y Métodos: Se trata de un estudio longitudinal de cohorte en el cual se identificará el comportamiento de las audiometrías de la población de pilotos de las fuerzas militares de Colombia en los años 2009, 2010 y 2011. Se hará una revisión retrospectiva de dichas audiometrías. Para dicho fin se tomó la población de pilotos de fuerzas militares que fueron distribuidos en grupos de pilotos de aeronave de ala fija que corresponden a 47 pilotos y ala rotatoria que son 155. Conclusiones: Se encontró que la frecuencia mas alterada en la población total fue la de 6000 Hz, que en lo pilotos de ala fija las frecuencias más afectadas fueron las de 4000 Hz y la de 6000Hz, la frecuencia más afectada en los pilotos de ala rotatoria fueron las de 4000 Hz, 6000 Hz y 8000 Hz, con lo que se concluye que la exposición en los pilotos afecta las frecuencias altas en las audiometrías. Se observó una relación con el número de horas de vuelo y las alteraciones audiométricas encontrándose una alteración en los pilotos entre 1000 y 4000 horas de vuelo en las frecuencias de 4000 Hz, 6000 Hz y 8000 Hz y una alteración de las todas las frecuencias en aquellos pilotos con más de 5000 horas de vuelo en el año 2009, presentando posterior recuperación en los años posteriores sin poder determinar en este estudio las causas de dicha recuperación. Los pilotos de ala rotatoria presentaron un incremento sostenido en todas las frecuencias en comparación con los pilotos de ala fija.

Tempus Post Mortem?* Adaptação portuguesa da transcendental-future time perspective scale (TFTPS)

Integrado no conceito mais geral da perspetiva temporal, o futuro transcendental tem sido conceptualizado como uma dimensão que abrange as crenças sobre o futuro a partir da morte imaginada do corpo físico até ao infinito. A transcendental-future time perspective scale (TFTPS) é uma escala unidimensional composta por 10 itens que avalia as cognições relacionadas com este espaço temporal. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a adaptação à língua e cultura portuguesa desta escala, assim como a sua estrutura fatorial e características psicométricas numa amostra de 346 participantes com idades compreendidas entre os 17 e os 54 anos (M = 19.87, DP = 4.27). Os resultados encontrados através da análise fatorial exploratória validaram a unidimensionalidade da escala (65.94 % de variância total explicada, α = 0.87).

The playful as a psycho-pedagogic method: one experience in preventing youth drug dependence

This participatory action research was based on a experience of educational intervention on La Cruz and Bello Oriente (Manrique-Medellin), a marginal zone in the northeastern part of the Commune 3 in Medellin,. Colombia. In this marginal sector, psychosocial problems seem to be associated to limited educational and employment opportunities, domestic violence, illegal armed forces, sexual abuse, social discrimination, and lack of adequate public services, among others.  All these are also considered as risk factors for drug dependency.  We used a structured interview designed to identify leisure tendencies, use of free time, and tendencies in recreational activities. Data from the interview were triangulated with information collected by observation and in field work and used to build a psycho-pedagogic method based on play and leisure activities. The effects of the use of this educational intervention on the satisfaction of human needs were analyzed in light of the theory of Manfred Max-Neef. Results point out the need for new educational strategies aimed to promote creativity, solidarity, mental, physical and social health, more enthusiasm and motivation and in general, positive attitudes that help prevent drug dependence.

Medical Student’s Use of Time During Clinical Clerkships and the Credits Based System

Introduction: Comprehensive undergraduate education in clinical sciences is grounded on activities developed during clerkships. To implement the credits system we must know how these experiences take place. Objectives: to describe how students spend time in clerkships, how they assess the educative value of activities and the enjoyment it provides. Method: We distributed a form to a random clustered sample of a 100 students coursing clinical sciences, designed to record the time spent, and to assess the educative value and the grade of enjoyment of the activities in clerkship during a week. Data were registered and analyzed on Excel® 98 and SPSS. Results: mean time spent by students in clerkship activities on a day were 10.8 hours. Of those, 7.3 hours (69%) were spent in formal education activities. Patient care activities with teachers occupied the major proportion of time (15.4%). Of the teaching and learning activities in a week, 28 hours (56%) were spent in patient care activities and 22.4 hours (44.5%) were used in independent academic work. The time spent in teaching and learning activities correspond to 19 credits of a semester of 18 weeks. The activities assessed as having the major educational value were homework activities (4.6) and formal education activities (4.5). The graded as most enjoyable were extracurricular activities, formal educational activities and independent academic work. Conclusion: our students spend more time in activities with patients than the reported in literature. The attending workload of our students is greater than the one reported in similar studies.

Gender differences in time allocation of poor children in Colombia

This paper studies the effect of credit constraints and constraints on transfers between parents and children, on differences in labor and schooling across children within the same household, with an application to gender. When families are unconstrained in these respects, differences in labor supply or education are driven by differences in wages or returns to education. If the family faces an imperfect capital market, the labor supply of each child is inefficient, but differences across children are still driven by comparative advantage. However, if interfamily transfers are constrained so that parents cannot offset inequality between their children, they will favor the human capital accumulation of the more disadvantaged child -generally the one who works more as a child. We use our theory to examine the gender gap in child labor. Using a sample of poor families in Colombia, we conform our predictions among rural households, although this is less clear for urban households. The gender gap is largely explained by the wage gap between girls and boys. Moreover, families with the potential to make capital transfers to adult children (e.g. those with large animals), can compensate adult sons for their greater child labor and reduced educational attainment. In such families, as predicted, the male/female labor gap is greater.