Efecto marginal de las remesas en la distribución del ingreso y la pobreza en Colombia

En el trabajo se estudian los efectos redistributivos de las remesas enviadas al país desde el extranjero y su impacto en la pobreza en seis regiones y en el nivel nacional. Los hallazgos indican que la magnitud del impacto, de un incremento del 10% en las remesas, es distinto según el grado de difusión de la migración que presente cada zona, es decir, la cantidad de hogares en los deciles de ingreso más bajos que tengan acceso a estos recursos. Para ello, se sigue la metodología de descomposición del coeficiente de Gini y de los índices de pobreza FGT (0, 1 y 2) por fuentes de ingreso. En las regiones Central (incluye el Eje Cafetero) y Oriental se observa que los hogares de los deciles más bajos no tienen acceso a los mercados laborales internacionales, razón por la cual el efecto del incremento porcentual en las remesas no es significativo ni en la desigualdad ni en la pobreza. Antioquia y Atlántico, en cambio, muestran mayores niveles relativos de experiencia migratoria; por ello, el impacto de las remesas extranjeras, aunque moderadamente bajo, disminuye la pobreza y la desigualdad. Las remesas internas exhiben un efecto mucho más redistributivo y atenuador de la pobreza, en la medida en que esta fuente de recursos es una opción real para diversificar el ingreso, en los hogares más pobres.

Neighborhood characteristics and the spatial concentration of crime: Evidence for Bogotá

Using a unique neighborhood crime dataset for Bogotá in 2011, this study uses a spatial econometric approach and examines the role of socioeconomic and agglomeration variables in explaining the variance of crime. It uses two different types of crime, violent crime represented in homicides and property crime represented in residential burglaries. These two types of crime are then measured in non-standard crime statistics that are created as the area incidence for each crime in the neighborhood. The existence of crime hotspots in Bogotá has been shown in most of the literature, and using these non-standard crime statistics at this neighborhood level some hotspots arise again, thus validating the use of a spatial approach for these new crime statistics. The final specification includes socioeconomic, agglomeration, land-use and visual aspect variables that are then included in a SARAR model an estimated by the procedure devised by Kelejian and Prucha (2009). The resulting coefficients and marginal effects show the relevance of these crime hotspots which is similar with most previous studies. However, socioeconomic variables are significant and show the importance of age, and education. Agglomeration variables are significant and thus more densely populated areas are correlated with more crime. Interestingly, both types of crimes do not have the same significant covariates. Education and young male population have a different sign for homicide and residential burglaries. Inequality matters for homicides while higher real estate valuation matters for residential burglaries. Finally, density impacts positively both crimes.

Poverty impacts of agricultural policy adjustments in an opening economy: the case of Colombia

We aim to contribute to the assessment of poverty impacts on the rural sector arising from agricultural policy adjustments in Colombia. For this we use an agriculture specialized static CGE model, jointly (sequentially) with a microsimulation model that allows for effective job relocation. Results indicate that the sectoral impact of the program implemented tends to be small and has considerable variability across crops. They also show that the highest impacts come from the irrigation and land improvements component of the program. Lastly, although it reduces poverty, poverty impacts are small and tend to concentrate in rural households toward the middle of the income distribution ladder.

Poverty impacts of increased openness and fiscal policies in a dollarized economy: a CGE-micro approach for Ecuador

We quantify the effects on poverty and income distribution in Ecuador of bilateral trade liberalization with the US and a budget-neutral value added tax increase which seeks to compensate tariff revenue losses. We stress the study of fiscal policies that the government could tap in order to compensate for tariff revenue loss. This is a very important issue for Ecuador because this country adopted the US dollar as its currency in 2000, forgiving the use of important policy instruments. To study these issues we combine a reduced-form micro household income and occupational choice model (using 2005/6 data from the Ecuadorian LSMS) with a standard single-country computable general equilibrium model (employing a 2004 SAM). We follow a sequential approach that simulates the full distributional impact of trade and tax policies. We find that the impact of these policy changes on extreme poverty and income distribution is small but positive.