"Functional Upregulation of Ca2+ -Activated K+ Channels in the Development of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons"

Many connections in the basal ganglia are made around birth when animals are exposed to a host of new affective, cognitive, and sensori-motor stimuli. It is thought that dopamine modulates cortico-striatal synapses that result in the strengthening of those connections that lead to desired outcomes. We propose that there must be a time before which stimuli cannot be processed into functional connections, otherwise it would imply an effective link between stimulus, response, and reward in uterus. Consistent with these ideas, we present evidence that early in development dopamine neurons are electrically immature and do not produce high-frequency firing in response to salient stimuli. We ask first, what makes dopamine neurons immature? and second, what are the implications of this immaturity for the basal ganglia? As an answer to the first question, we find that at birth the outward current is small (3nS-V), insensitive to Ca2z, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. Rapidly after birth, the outward current increases to 15nS-V and becomes sensitive to Ca2z, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. We make a detailed analysis of the kinetics of the components of the outward currents and produce a model for BK and SK channels that we use to reproduce the outward current, and to infer the geometrical arrangement of BK and Ca2z channels in clusters. In the first cluster, T-type Ca2z and BK channels are coupled within distances of *20 nm (200 A˚). The second cluster consists of L-type Ca2z and BK channels that are spread over distances of at least 60 nm. As for the second question, we propose that early in development, the mechanism of action selection is in a ‘‘locked-in’’ state that would prevent dopamine neurons from reinforcing cortico-striatal synapses that do not have a functional experiential- based value.

Functional Upregulation of Ca2+ -Activated K+ Channels in the Development of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons

Many connections in the basal ganglia are made around birth when animals are exposed to a host of new affective, cognitive, and sensori-motor stimuli. It is thought that dopamine modulates cortico-striatal synapses that result in the strengthening of those connections that lead to desired outcomes. We propose that there must be a time before which stimuli cannot be processed into functional connections, otherwise it would imply an effective link between stimulus, response, and reward in uterus. Consistent with these ideas, we present evidence that early in development dopamine neurons are electrically immature and do not produce high-frequency firing in response to salient stimuli. We ask first, what makes dopamine neurons immature? and second, what are the implications of this immaturity for the basal ganglia? As an answer to the first question, we find that at birth the outward current is small (3nS-V), insensitive to Ca2+, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. Rapidly after birth, the outward current increases to 15nS-V and becomes sensitive to Ca2+, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. We make a detailed analysis of the kinetics of the components of the outward currents and produce a model for BK and SK channels that we use to reproduce the outward current, and to infer the geometrical arrangement of BK and Ca2+ channels in clusters. In the first cluster, T-type Ca2+ and BK channels are coupled within distances of similar to 20 nm (200 parallel to). The second cluster consists of L-type Ca2+ and BK channels that are spread over distances of at least 60 nm. As for the second question, we propose that early in development, the mechanism of action selection is in a "locked-in" state that would prevent dopamine neurons from reinforcing cortico-striatal synapses that do not have a functional experiential-based value.

Detección de mutaciones en el gen park2 en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson de inicio temprano en población colombiana

Introducción: La Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) fue descrita por primera vez por James Parkinson en 1817, es el segundo desorden neurodegenerativo más frecuente después de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Los síntomas aparecen por una deficiencia de dopamina causada por la degeneración y perdida de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en diversas regiones del cerebro, principalmente la sustancia nigra. Se sabe actualmente que existen factores genéticos involucrados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad, principalmente en la EP de inicio temprano. Uno de los genes, que según diversos reportes ha sido frecuentemente implicado con el desarrollo de la enfermedad es el gen PARK2 o PRKN que codifica para la proteína Parkina, una proteína de 465 aminoácidos. Se conoce que la proteína Parkina tiene función de ligasa de las proteínas ubiquitinadas; las mutaciones que se han podido identificar en Parkina llevan a la pérdida de su función, reduciendo su capacidad de regular la degradación de sustratos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de tipo cross sectional.Para ello se evaluaron 29 pacientes diagnosticados con EP de inicio temprano (anterior a los 40 años de edad) y de 21 individuos sanos que se utilizaron como control. Se tomó una muestra de sangre periférica a los pacientes y controles, y se procedió a realizar la extracción de DNA. Posteriormente se estandarizaron las condiciones para la técnica de PCR para la amplificación de los exones 3, 4, y 5 en cada individuo. Todos los productos amplificados se sometieron a secuenciación automática para evaluar posibles mutaciones y polimorfismos en la población de estudio.