Análisis de la influencia de los Pactos de Letrán de 1929 sobre las relaciones bilaterales entre El Vaticano e Italia, entre 1929 y 1945

Los Pactos de Letrán implicaron como consecuencia el restablecimiento de relaciones bilaterales oficiales entre El Vaticano e Italia, llevando a que éstas se dieran bajo condiciones de cooperación, reflejadas en los cambios en los resultados obtenidos y la obtención de ganancias razonables.

Sexual Violence Beyond all Reasonable Doubt

Establishing the pattern of crime is fundamental for the successful investigation ofinternational crimes (genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity). A patternof crime is the aggregate of multiple incidents that share common features related tothe victims, the perpetrators, and the modus operandi. Pattern evidence and analysishave been used successfully, mainly in the investigation of large-scale killings, destruction,and displacement; the use for sexual violence charges has been remarkablymore limited. There is a need to overcome this gap by setting proper methods of datacollection and analysis. At the level of evidence collection, under-reporting should beaddressed through victimization surveys or secondary analysis of data available fromdifferent sources. At the level of analysis, the available evidence needs to be subject toimpartial examination beyond the pre-conceptions of the conflict parties and advocacygroups, in compliance with scientific standards for quantitative, qualitative, andGIS (Geographic Information Systems)methods. Reviewing the different investigativeexperiences and jurisprudence will help to set the right methodology and contribute mostefficiently to putting an end to the impunity regarding sexual crimes.