Corticosterone plasma concentrations in Carioca High- and Low-Conditioned freezing rats after a fear conditioned task

Our group in the Psychology Department at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) developed a rat genetic model of extreme freezing in response to contextual cues in an experimental chamber previously associated with footshock. One of the lines, Carioca High Freezing (CHF), exhibits an enhanced conditioned freezing response, whereas the other line, Carioca Low Freezing (CLF), shows the opposite response. The present study investigated corticosterone concentration between these two lines of animals and a random (RND) line of rats both under basal conditions and test condition after an emotional challenge using a contextual fear conditioning protocol. Comparisons between basal and test plasma corticosterone concentrations suggested differential basal and fear-induced differences between the two lines. The differences between basal conditions is an important and relevant aspect to be considered in behavioral experiments using or assessing stress and could help to understand variability in naïve populations.

Gender differences among undergraduates in the recognition of emotional facial expressions

The perceptive accuracy of university students was compared between men and women, from sciences and humanities courses, to recognize emotional facial expressions. emotional expressions have had increased interest in several areas involved with human interaction, reflecting the importance of perceptive skills in human expression of emotions for the effectiveness of communication. Two tests were taken: one was a quick exposure (0.5 s) of 12 faces with an emotional expression, followed by a neutral face. subjects had to tell if happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust or surprise was flashed, and each emotion was shown twice, at random. on the second test 15 faces with the combination of two emotional expressions were shown without a time limit, and the subject had to name one of the emotions of the previous list. in this study, women perceived sad expressions better while men realized more happy faces. there was no significant difference in other emotions detection like anger, fear, surprise, disgust. Students of humanities and sciences areas of both sexes, when compared, had similar capacities to perceive emotional expressions

Normas de terminación para la palabra final de oraciones en español para niños mexicanos

Las normas de terminación de oraciones son un recurso valioso para los investigadores interesados en el estudio de los efectos que tiene un contexto sobre los procesos de reconocimiento de palabras, y la comprensión del lenguaje en general. Este estudio presenta las normas de terminación para la palabra final de 278 oraciones en español para niños mexicanos, obtenidas a través del método de cloze, en una muestra de 420 estudiantes (226 niños y 194 niñas) de 9 a 12 años de edad del 4º al 6º grado de primarias públicas del Estado de México. La tarea de los niños consistió en leer cada una de las oraciones y completarlas con una palabra al cierre. Se calculó la probabilidad de cierre de cada palabra respondida para cada uno de los contextos, de acuerdo a las respuestas de los niños. Aunque el corpus incluyó oraciones con diferentes restricciones contextuales, la respuesta de los sujetos mostró un mayor número de oraciones con alta probabilidad de cierre. Este material puede ser utilizado en la investigación sobre la comprensión del lenguaje tanto auditivo como escrito en niños.

Analysis of the alveolar recruitment maneuvers applied at seven intensive care units

Introduction: During the past years, alveolar recruitment maneuvers (RM) have produced growing interest due to their beneficial potential in pulmonary protection, and have been introduced in clinical practice. Objective: To describe and analyze the knowledge of MR and its application at seven intensive care units in the city of Cali, Colombia. Methods and materials: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study with an intentional sample of 64 professionals working in seven intensive care units and who apply MR. The self-completed survey was made up of thirteen questions, and the application period was two months. Results: Out of 64 professionals surveyed, 77.8% of them follow a protocol guide; 54.7% employes during RM the ideal Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), which maintains a saturation > 90% and a PaO2 > 60 mmHg; 42.1% tolerates airway pressures between 35 and 50 cmH2O; 48.4% perform RM with a progressive increase of the PEEP and a low tidal volume. Conclusions: Regarding the knowledge related to RM, heterogeneity was found in the answers. There is currently no consensus about which is the most effective and secure way to implement an MR. This study can be the starting point to create awareness towards the revision of knowledge, capacities and abilities that are required to perform RM.

Prolegómenos al problema de la filosofía política judía

El propósito de este ensayo radica en ubicar la filosofía política judía como un problema propiamente filosófico, tal como ha sido planteado por Leo Strauss. Esta tarea implica que descartemos tratar el asunto de la filosofía política, y específicamente su distintivo judío, como una subdisciplina de la filosofía o como parte de un manual de historia de la filosofía. La filosofía política judía, por el contrario, es el escenario donde pueden ser develadas las respuestas sobre los problemas que aquejan al pensamiento político contemporáneo. En ese sentido, resulta necesario abandonar el prejuicio moderno de considerar a las ideas del pasado inferiores respecto a las perspectivas de nuestro tiempo. La comprensión de la filosofía política judía exige que estemos preparados para aprender algo de los filósofos judíos, pero no podemos llegar a tal punto sin antes esbozar los términos en los que esa aproximación debería ser efectuada.---Prolegomena to the problem of the jewish political philosophyThe purpose of this paper is to locate the Jewish political philosophy as a philosophical problem itself, as has been raised by Leo Strauss. This task requires that the Jewish political philosophy is not considered a subdiscipline of philosophy or as part of a history of philosophy’s handbook. Jewish political philosophy, by contrast, is the scene where the answers on the problems facing the contemporary political thought can be unveiled. In this sense, it is necessary to abandon the modern prejudice of considering the past ideas lower about the prospects of our time. The understanding of Jewish political philosophy requires that we are prepared to learn from the Jewish philosophers, but we can not go that far without outlining the terms in which this approach should be made.Key words: political philosophy, Jewish philosophy, philosophy of history---Prolegômenos ao problema da filosofia política judaicaO Propósito deste ensaio radica em localizar a política judaica como um problema propriamente filosófico, tal como tem sido exposto por Leo Strauss. Esta tarefa implica que descartemos tratar o assunto da filosofia política, e especificamente seu distintivo judaico, como uma sub-disciplina da filosofia ou como parte de um manual de historia da filosofia. A filosofia política judaica, pelo contrário, é o cenário donde podem ser reveladas as respostas sobre os problemas que afetam o pensamento político contemporâneo. Neste sentido, resulta necessário abandonar o prejuízo moderno de considerar às idéias do passado inferiores respeito às perspectivas de nosso tempo. A compreensão da filosofia política judaica exige que estejamos preparados para aprender algo dos filósofos judeus, mas não podemos chegar a tal ponto, sem antes esboçar os termos nos que essa aproximação deveria ser efetuada.Palavras chave: Filosofia política, filosofia judaica, filosofia da historia