El papel del Estado en los países andinos: ¿ocaso o transformación?

A juicio de muchos analistas, el Estado-nación –piedra angular de la organización política del mundo desde la suscripción del Tratado de Wesfalia, en 1648– está experimentando una profunda crisis. En esta visión, el poder efectivo de dicha entidad política se está desbordando en tres direcciones: hacia arriba, por la globalización y la supranacionalización; horizontalmente, por el desmonte del Estado de bienestar, la privatización y la desregulación, y hacia abajo, por la descentralización y la devolución de autonomías a las polis regionales y locales.La acción conjunta de estas tendencias estaría determinando el vaciamiento (hollowing out) del Estado-nación, en la medida en que muchas de sus competencias tradicionales se están transfiriendo hacia arriba, a las instituciones internacionales y supranacionales; hacia los lados, al mercado, las empresas privadas y las transnacionales, y hacia abajo, a las entidades de orden subnacional. En este artículo analizaremos el impacto de tales tendencias en los países andinos.-----According to many analysts, the Nation State is undergoing a deep crisis, because the effectiveness of its power is being broken up in three ways: upward, because of globalization and supranationalization; horizontally, because of the dismantling of the Welfare State, privatization and deregulation, and downward, because of decentralization and the empowerment of the regional and local entities. According to these interpretations, the joint action of such trends would be eroding the traditional competences of the Nation State and determining the irrelevance of this political entity in the global dynamics of power and the economy. This paper analyses the impact of the above mentioned trends in the Andean countries. It concludes by stating that in this context the processes aimed at reducing the role of the State, have paradoxically turned into the widening of its sphere of action in other fields.

Reconciliation as a Political Concept: Some Observations and Remarks

This paper summarizes a number of observations and reflections on the phenomenon and practice called “reconciliation”, in connection to peace processes and peace-building initiatives. In particular it draws from processes followed by the author, in East Timor in particular, but also in Europe, the Middle East and, more recently, Colombia. It is a discussion paper. The purpose is to invite to reflection, both on the level of perspectives as well as concepts. It is developed from a lecture called “The Challenge of Reconciliation” held at Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, in December 2003. Following substantial revision since then (making the text more than double in length) I realize that today not many parts of the original text are still recognizable from that presentation, then organized by the Embassy of Sweden in Colombia, as part of its commitment to the peace process in that country. I have accepted the invitation of the Center of Political and International Studies (Centro de Estudios Políticos e Internacionales, CEPI), at Universidad del Rosario, to publish this work in progress, to reach a broader public in Colombia and contribute to the discussion on econciliation. The field of “political reconciliation” is evolving, definitions of reconciliation are abounding, and different contributors have different takes on the subject matter, quite naturally. It is the author’s view, that reconciliation can and should not be “held captive” of any particular field of study. It relates to fundamental, some would call it existential, issues of meaning, trust, contradictions, and suffering in the midst of a violent, political reality. It is wise to tread softly on ground with such a complex bottom.

Análisis prospectivo de la empresa Salud Total EPS-S a 2020

El tema del sistema de salud en Colombia involucra discursos jurídicos, políticos, sociales, económicos y empresariales que se enfrentan constantemente creando inestabilidad e incertidumbre en el proceder del sistema y violentando a la Ley 100 de 1993. Bajo este marco de desequilibrio se hace necesario que la entidad promotora de salud SALUD TOTAL EPS-S realice una investigación de futuros basada en la planeación estratégica por escenarios para disminuir la incertidumbre sobre la perdurabilidad de la compañía y el funcionamiento del sistema de salud entendido como un sector relevante de la economía nacional.

Estudio de la provincia en el modelo territorial colombiano y su perspectiva frente a los desafíos que impone la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991

El ordenamiento territorial colombiano es débil y sus entidades territoriales carecen de funciones concretas, siendo un obstáculo para alcanzar los fines que la Constitución de 1991 le impuso al Estado colombiano en el contexto de una economía de mercado. En este sentido, en la presente investigación se realiza un estudio sobre la provincia, como nivel de gobierno entre el municipio y el departamento, presentándola como una posibilidad para fortalecer y articular las iniciativas locales, aumentar la participación política y generar economías a escalas en Colombia. En principio, se hace un análisis del ordenamiento territorial colombiano frente al cumplimiento de los fines del Estado; segundo, se realiza un acercamiento conceptual de la Provincia identificando su correlación con entidades similares en países de Europa y América latina; tercero, se hace un recorrido histórico de la Provincia desde la época de la Conquista hasta la actualidad en la realidad colombiana. Y por último, se hace un estudio del rol de las Provincias en una economía abierta como la colombiana.

The Bogota – sabana region : the political economy behind the struggle to implement a sustainable urban development model

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Self-organized sociopolitical interactions as the best way to achieve organized patterns in human social systems: going beyond the top-down control of classical political regimes

La monografía presenta la auto-organización sociopolítica como la mejor manera de lograr patrones organizados en los sistemas sociales humanos, dada su naturaleza compleja y la imposibilidad de las tareas computacionales de los regímenes políticos clásico, debido a que operan con control jerárquico, el cual ha demostrado no ser óptimo en la producción de orden en los sistemas sociales humanos. En la monografía se extrapola la teoría de la auto-organización en los sistemas biológicos a las dinámicas sociopolíticas humanas, buscando maneras óptimas de organizarlas, y se afirma que redes complejas anárquicas son la estructura emergente de la auto-organización sociopolítica.

The moral background of the political philosophers –The Nozick case–

 On the assumption that any complex Modern Political Theory involves a decision about human rights, this article considers a possible assessment of the broader aspects of the conception of the State in the work of Nozick. Based on one critical point of view originally formulated by H.L.A. Hart, it defends the claim that the libertarian conception is untenable in moral terms. 

Legal, political and economic aspects of the tragedy in rural Colombia in recent decades: hypothesis for analysis

Editorial

The institutional environment and its influence on political options to Protect Winnipeg’s Female garments Workers against the impact of globalization

The principal objective of this paper is to identify the relationship between the re­sults of the Canadian policies implemented to protect female workers against the impact of globalization on the garment industry and the institutional setting in which this labour market is immersed in Winnipeg. This research paper begins with a brief summary of the institutional theory appro­ach that sheds light on the analysis of the effects of institutions on the policy options to protect female workers of the Winnipeg garment industry. Next, this paper identi­fies the set of beliefs, formal procedures, routines, norms and conventions that cha­racterize the institutional environment of the female workers of Winnipeg’s garment industry. Subsequently, this paper descri­bes the impact of free trade policies on the garment industry of Winnipeg. Afterward, this paper presents an analysis of the ba­rriers that the institutional features of the garment sector in Winnipeg can set to the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect the female workforce of this sector. Three policy options are considered: ethical purchasing; training/retraining programs and social engage­ment support for garment workers; and protection of migrated workers through promoting and facilitating bonds between Canada’s trade unions and trade unions of the labour sending countries. Finally, this paper concludes that the formation of isolated cultural groups inside of factories; the belief that there is gender and race discrimination on the part of the garment industry management against workers; the powerless social conditions of immi­grant women; the economic rationality of garment factories’ managers; and the lack of political will on the part of Canada and the labour sending countries to set effective bilateral agreements to protect migrate wor­kers, are the principal barriers that divide the actors involved in the garment industry in Winnipeg. This division among the prin­cipal actors of Winnipeg’s garment industry impedes the change toward more efficient institutions and, hence, the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect women workers. 

Political Reform: unfinished business in Brazil after Lula?

A year away from leaving the presidency, this article analyses Lula government in light of the many corruption scandals that erupted afterwards. These events showed that despite the almost unanimous conclusion of its balance sheet, Lula government leaves a big task ahead: the political reform. Priority of the Workers’ Party during the years 1980 and 1990, and subject of many academic studies, this issue has been abandoned in the 2000s, with the accession to power of Lula Da Silva. This paper evaluates the state-of-the-art on this matter and defends the need for further consideration in light of current events, and in a broader theoretical perspective than the institutional engineering one that prevailed earlier. 

Las opciones de los ciudadanos en la filosofía política liberal

El propósito de este artículo es explorar las principales características de tres opciones que poseen los ciudadanos en el marco de la filosofía política liberal, así como sus fuentes teóricas. Las opciones analizadas son la obligación de obedecer la ley (obediencia civil como una obligación), el deber moral de obedecer la ley (obediencia civil como un “deber ser”) y la desobediencia civil. El autor utiliza el término liberal en un sentido ontológico, dado que el ciudadano se entiende como una entidad individual.Debido a que la desobediencia civil es el concepto más complejo que se analiza en este artículo, se propone un ejercicio interesante para definirlo. Este concepto se define en función de una contradicción lógica. Así, la idea de la “no desobediencia civil” se utiliza para explorar las fronteras conceptuales de la desobediencia civil.-----The purpose of this article is to explore three options of citizens within liberal political philosophy, as well as their main characteristics and theoretical sources. Those options are: the obligation to obey the law (the civil obedience as an obligation), the moral duty to obey the law (the civil obedience as a “must be”), and the civil disobedience. The author points out that the “liberal” concept can be defined in an ontological sense because the citizen is defined as an individual entity.Given that the civil disobedience is the most complex concept analyzed in this article, it is suggested an interesting exercise in order to define it. This concept is constructed according to logical contradiction. Thus, the idea of “non-civil disobedience” is used to explore the civil disobedience conceptual bounderies.

The Proliferation of Paramilitary Groups in Southern Mexico: State Strategy or Struggle between Local Political Elites?

This study traces the origins of Mexican paramilitary groups and argues that, contrary to what most of the literature on the subject implies, they do not represent a state strategy to thwart leftist groups seeking social change. Rather, they represent battles between groups of national and local-level elites with different visions of democracy and of what constitutes good governance. The polarization inherent in this type of conflict leads local actors to have to side with one faction of elites or the other. The presence of radical leftist groups in recently colonized indigenous areas with scant state presence gives rise to a process of radicalization among local elites. There are multiple factors that explain the emergence of paramilitary groups. Aside from the post Cold War international context, there were national factors like a shift in its focus away from security matters between 1989 and 1993, and presidential policies between 1968 and 1993, that planted the seeds of leftist radicalism in a context of id modernization

C. Wright Mils revisited: Society and Power

C. Wright Mills has been forgotten by sociological theories however there is no doubt about how much he contributed to the field of Epistemology. He successfully participated in the American Sociology of Knowledge and, at the same time, he  upheld the tradition of the Conflict Theory, including the sociological dimension into one of the most questioned political subjects of his period. Undoubtedly,  Wright Mills was morally committed to the value of reason and freedom. His central issue was to analyse the real possibilities for a particular individual within  a particular social order to become a free man capable of reasoning. He wondered how someone could be able to transcend his daily nature through reason and  experience and to act accordingly to his power. The power and political processes were constant in his works, since he claimed that any political process was a  struggle for power and prestige, for authoritative positions, both within each nation  and among the different states. On the other hand, he  bserved that the social  structure in the United States of America was not completely democratic, since the  course of action depended on the decision of a small group of wealthy, powerful individuals. These concentrating spaces of power amongst some economic, military  and political corporations were supported by their underlying ideology, a fact that became clearer when referring to international affairs. Nowadays, in a world of  structural antagonisms, wars and rebellions, the need for looking at the work  of intellectuals like Mills re-emerges. Mills showed us a way in which a complex entity as power can be understood, and, at the same time, the need to consider the  course of history, its mechanics and process.

Crisis of political representation and democratization in Mexico: the generality and specificity of the case

This article attempts to assess the implications and the own character of the crisis of representation in Mexico. Once the topic framed and the long-term dynamics of Mexican political elites presented, this paper will attempt to understand why, despite the pluralization of the party system, there remain many questions about the truly democratic nature of the Mexican political system.

Aplicación de la doctrina del 'disregard of legal entity' en Colombia.

La historia de las sociedades comerciales puede remontarse siglos atrás cuando apenas se empezaban a establecer las instituciones y los grandes pensadores comenzaban a trazar los lineamientos jurídicos que se han venido desarrollando en Occidente.