16/6-idiotype expressing antibodies induce brain inflammation and cognitive impairment in mice: the mosaic of central nervous system involvement in lupus

Background: The 16/6-idiotype (16/6-Id) of the human anti-DNA antibody was found to induce experimental lupus in naive mice, manifested by production of autoantibodies, leukopenia and elevated inflammatory markers, as well as kidney and brain involvement. We assessed behavior and brain pathology of naive mice injected intracerebra-ventricularly (ICV) with the 16/6-Id antibody. Methods: C3H female mice were injected ICV to the right hemisphere with the human 16/6-Id antibody or commercial human IgG antibodies (control). The mice were tested for depression by the forced swimming test (FST), locomotor and explorative activity by the staircase test, and cognitive functions were examined by the novel object recognition and Y-maze tests. Brain slices were stained for inflammatory processes. Results: 16/6-Id injected mice were cognitively impaired as shown by significant differences in the preference for a new object in the novel object recognition test compared to controls (P = 0.012). Similarly, the preference for spatial novelty in the Y-maze test was significantly higher in the control group compared to the 16/6-Id-injected mice (42% vs. 9%, respectively, P = 0.065). Depression-like behavior and locomotor activity were not significantly different between the16/6-Id-injected and the control mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed an increase in astrocytes and microglial activation in the hippocampus and amygdala, in the 16/6-Id injected group compared to the control. Conclusions: Passive transfer of 16/6-Id antibodies directly into mice brain resulted in cognitive impairments and histological evidence for brain inflammation. These findings shed additional light on the diverse mosaic pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric lupus.

Tests de la forma funcional, el efecto sustitución y el efecto riqueza en la función de demanda de dinero de México.

Las demandas M1, M2 y M3 en México están negativamente influidas por el producto y el precio de las acciones, y están asociadas negativamente con la tasa de ahorro, la tasa de interés estadounidense y la tasa de inflación esperada. Por su parte, la depreciación del peso afecta negativamente la demanda M1 y positivamente a las demandas M2 y M3. La forma log-lineal no puede ser rechazada para la demanda M1 y puede ser rechazada para las demandas M2 y M3, mientras que la forma lineal puede ser rechazada para las demandas M1, M2, y M3. La prueba CUSUMSQ muestra que las demandas M1, M2 y M3 son estables, mientras que la prueba CUSUM indica estabilidad en las demandas M1 y M3 e inestabilidad en la demanda M2.