5 resultados para Markov map
em Universidad del Rosario, Colombia
Resumo:
La presente investigación pretende realizar un análisis de la Cooperación Internacional otorgada por Japón, la Unión Europea y UNICEF a las víctimas de MAP (Mina Antipersonal), MUSE (Munición Sin Explotar) y AEI (Artefacto Explosivo Improvisado) en Colombia durante el conflicto interno que libra nuestro país en el periodo 2000 – 2009, partiendo de una descripción de los diferentes programas y proyectos desarrollados en el marco de las líneas estratégicas de Acción Integral Contra Minas Antipersonal (AICMA).
Resumo:
En las situaciones en que se presenta un conflicto armado, por lo general surge una violación de los Derechos Humanos y del Derecho Internacional Humanitario, lo que hace que los Estados en su afán por restablecer la paz en sus territorios, tengan como objeto principal la solución de los mismos, acudiendo a procesos de reconciliación, como lo son la negociación con los actores armados. En medio de los conflictos armados, la vida de las personas se ve afectada, ya que un conflicto armado produce víctimas de diversa índole, que tienen una característica especial, ya sea porque se encuentran en una situación de riesgo, pues son poblaciones que se encuentran en zonas donde se desarrolla la guerra o se encuentran cerca a objetivos militares y por tal motivo están en riesgo de convertirse en víctimas del conflicto, o porque son afectados directamente por el conflicto, es decir que ya son víctimas porque están heridos, enfermos, o se encuentran en manos del adversario y son considerados prisioneros de guerra. Es importante tener en cuenta que el sufrimiento de estas personas es muy grande y que en ocasiones puede llegar a prolongarse durante largo tiempo.
Resumo:
We previously established an 80 kb haplotype upstream of TNFSF4 as a susceptibility locus in the autoimmune disease SLE. SLE-associated alleles at this locus are associated with inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis and ischaemic stroke. In Europeans, the TNFSF4 causal variants have remained elusive due to strong linkage disequilibrium exhibited by alleles spanning the region. Using a trans-ancestral approach to fine-map the locus, utilising 17,900 SLE and control subjects including Amerindian/Hispanics (1348 cases, 717 controls), African-Americans (AA) (1529, 2048) and better powered cohorts of Europeans and East Asians, we find strong association of risk alleles in all ethnicities; the AA association replicates in African-American Gullah (152,122). The best evidence of association comes from two adjacent markers: rs2205960-T (P = 1.71×10-34, OR = 1.43[1.26-1.60]) and rs1234317-T (P = 1.16×10-28, OR = 1.38[1.24-1.54]). Inference of fine-scale recombination rates for all populations tested finds the 80 kb risk and non-risk haplotypes in all except African-Americans. In this population the decay of recombination equates to an 11 kb risk haplotype, anchored in the 5′ region proximal to TNFSF4 and tagged by rs2205960-T after 1000 Genomes phase 1 (v3) imputation. Conditional regression analyses delineate the 5′ risk signal to rs2205960-T and the independent non-risk signal to rs1234314-C. Our case-only and SLE-control cohorts demonstrate robust association of rs2205960-T with autoantibody production. The rs2205960-T is predicted to form part of a decameric motif which binds NF-κBp65 with increased affinity compared to rs2205960-G. ChIP-seq data also indicate NF-κB interaction with the DNA sequence at this position in LCL cells. Our research suggests association of rs2205960-T with SLE across multiple groups and an independent non-risk signal at rs1234314-C. rs2205960-T is associated with autoantibody production and lymphopenia. Our data confirm a global signal at TNFSF4 and a role for the expressed product at multiple stages of lymphocyte dysregulation during SLE pathogenesis. We confirm the validity of trans-ancestral mapping in a complex trait. © 2013 Manku et al.
Resumo:
Background: This study describes a bioinformatics approach designed to identify Plasmodium vivax proteins potentially involved in reticulocyte invasion. Specifically, different protein training sets were built and tuned based on different biological parameters, such as experimental evidence of secretion and/or involvement in invasion-related processes. A profile-based sequence method supported by hidden Markov models (HMMs) was then used to build classifiers to search for biologically-related proteins. The transcriptional profile of the P. vivax intra-erythrocyte developmental cycle was then screened using these classifiers. Results: A bioinformatics methodology for identifying potentially secreted P. vivax proteins was designed using sequence redundancy reduction and probabilistic profiles. This methodology led to identifying a set of 45 proteins that are potentially secreted during the P. vivax intra-erythrocyte development cycle and could be involved in cell invasion. Thirteen of the 45 proteins have already been described as vaccine candidates; there is experimental evidence of protein expression for 7 of the 32 remaining ones, while no previous studies of expression, function or immunology have been carried out for the additional 25. Conclusions: The results support the idea that probabilistic techniques like profile HMMs improve similarity searches. Also, different adjustments such as sequence redundancy reduction using Pisces or Cd-Hit allowed data clustering based on rational reproducible measurements. This kind of approach for selecting proteins with specific functions is highly important for supporting large-scale analyses that could aid in the identification of genes encoding potential new target antigens for vaccine development and drug design. The present study has led to targeting 32 proteins for further testing regarding their ability to induce protective immune responses against P. vivax malaria.
Resumo:
En esta tesis se entiende la intuición y las matemáticas del modelo generalizado de la teoría de la ruina, expuesto por Li y Lu quienes se remiten a los cálculos de la probabilidad de ruina de Reinhard. Teniendo en cuenta las definiciones, la media y la varianza del proceso telegráfico con saltos encontradas en la tesis doctoral de Óscar López. Luego se simula el proceso de riesgo y finalmente con un ejemplo se calcula la probabilidad de ruina numéricamente. Todo el proceso se va a realizar teniendo en cuenta reclamaciones con distribución exponencial.