Neurobiology of expectancy effects and omission of reinforcement on behavior

The reinforcement omission effects have been traditionally interpreted in terms of: behavioral facilitation after reinforcement omission induced by primary frustration or behavioral suppression after reinforcement delivery induced by postconsummatory states. The studies reviewed here indicate that amygdala is involved in modulation of these effects. However, the fact that amygdala lesions, extensive or selective, can eliminate, reduce and enhance the omission effects makes it difficult to understand how it is the exact nature of their involvement. The amygdala is related to several functions that depend on its connections with other brain systems. Thus, it is necessary to consider the involvement of a more complex neural network in the modulation of the reinforcement omission effects. The connection of amygdala subareas to cortical and subcortical structures may be involved in this modulation since they also are linked to processes related to reward and expectancy.

Desvalorização Temporal, Dependência química e Impulsividade

Desvalorização pelo atraso (DA) se refere à escolha especialmente influenciada pelo grau de imediaticidade com que um bem é liberado, havendo a diminuição de sua preferência em função do atraso em sua liberação. A DA se relaciona de forma positiva com a impulsividade e está presente em portadores de diversos tipos de dependências químicas e de outros transtornos que envolvem a impulsividade. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a DA e sua relação com a dependência química a partir de revisão de estudos que verificaram a relação entre ambos e a aplicabilidade dos resultados como medida de impulsividade. Os estudos demonstraram que a desvalorização se associa de forma significativa com o consumo de substâncias e revelaram que sua avaliação pode ser uma importante informação no processo de tomada de decisão no uso de substâncias. Apresentam-se também estratégias de intervenção capazes de controlar e modificar a DA.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and primary dysmenorrhea: a case report

Primary dysmenorrhea is pelvic pain during the menstrual cycle. The A delta and C fibers aresensitized by the increased release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, thus causing pain. TransElectric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a physiotherapeutic strategy that mitigatespain sensation. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present six cases of women in childbearingage who were diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea and received transcutaneous electricnerve stimulation. Materials and methods: A type of study, case report, was conducted with sixwomen between 15 and 25 years of age with medical diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea. Weassessed pain intensity utilizing the visual analogue pain scale and located the pain by usinga pain test map. Results: Pain intensity decreased in all treated women. Conclusion: Transcutaneouselectric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a physiotherapeutic strategy that mitigates painsensation. We conclude that high frequency TENSis a safe noninvasive modality to achievereduction of pain in primary dysmenorrhea.