Laboratorio del Plan Exportador para 30 Empresas. Fase Plan Exportador : Empresa Villa K"nina

El Plan exportador para la empresa Villa K´nina creadora de moda para mascotas, se inicia con la inteligencia de mercados, la cual permite identificar los mercados potenciales que en el continente Americano podrán atender a la oferta nacional; dentro de los mercados potenciales se encontró a Estados Unidos, Perú y Canadá; especialmente se enfatiza en la ciudad de New York, catalogada como la capital mundial de la moda. Luego de identificar el mercado potencial, se analiza al interior de la empresa para contemplar el nivel organizacional, comercial y financiero, para establecer el alcance y las estrategias indicadas para penetrar en cada mercado. Finalmente se desarrolla el análisis del precio y logística internacional para iniciar la ejecución del plan exportador.

K-LISTO: Franquicia como una estrategia de expansión

El sector de comida rápida es un sector que está presentando un crecimiento acelerado a nivel mundial debido a los cambios en el día a día de los consumidores, en donde la prioridad es el tiempo y este genera unos acelerados ritmos de vida (Sirgado & Lamas, 2011). Este crecimiento, es un elemento que se quiere mostrar a lo largo de esta investigación, a través de cifras que corroboran la expansión del sector de comida rápida a nivel mundial, latinoamericano y a nivel nacional; información que será útil para que empresarios puedan extraer un análisis del escenario en el que se encuentran las marcas pertenecientes al sector. La expansión del sector ha generado un incremento en los puntos de venta de comida rápida, lo cual se ha facilitado con la implementación del modelo de franquicia como una estrategia de crecimiento en las compañías debido a las ventajas que ofrece y a la posibilidad de diversificar la oferta e invertir en nuevos mercados (Portafolio, 2006). De este modo, se presentan los conceptos fundamentales a entender de este tipo de negocio, así como las ventajas que posee y las clases de franquicia que se pueden encontrar; para quienes desean implementar el modelo en su compañía o para quienes piensan en adquirir una. Para ejemplificar lo mencionado anteriormente, se toma una organización nacional, la cual ha introducido el modelo de franquicia y es perteneciente al sector de comida rápida, caso que puede servir como referencia para otras marcas del sector.

"Functional Upregulation of Ca2+ -Activated K+ Channels in the Development of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons"

Many connections in the basal ganglia are made around birth when animals are exposed to a host of new affective, cognitive, and sensori-motor stimuli. It is thought that dopamine modulates cortico-striatal synapses that result in the strengthening of those connections that lead to desired outcomes. We propose that there must be a time before which stimuli cannot be processed into functional connections, otherwise it would imply an effective link between stimulus, response, and reward in uterus. Consistent with these ideas, we present evidence that early in development dopamine neurons are electrically immature and do not produce high-frequency firing in response to salient stimuli. We ask first, what makes dopamine neurons immature? and second, what are the implications of this immaturity for the basal ganglia? As an answer to the first question, we find that at birth the outward current is small (3nS-V), insensitive to Ca2z, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. Rapidly after birth, the outward current increases to 15nS-V and becomes sensitive to Ca2z, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. We make a detailed analysis of the kinetics of the components of the outward currents and produce a model for BK and SK channels that we use to reproduce the outward current, and to infer the geometrical arrangement of BK and Ca2z channels in clusters. In the first cluster, T-type Ca2z and BK channels are coupled within distances of *20 nm (200 A˚). The second cluster consists of L-type Ca2z and BK channels that are spread over distances of at least 60 nm. As for the second question, we propose that early in development, the mechanism of action selection is in a ‘‘locked-in’’ state that would prevent dopamine neurons from reinforcing cortico-striatal synapses that do not have a functional experiential- based value.

Functional Upregulation of Ca2+ -Activated K+ Channels in the Development of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons

Many connections in the basal ganglia are made around birth when animals are exposed to a host of new affective, cognitive, and sensori-motor stimuli. It is thought that dopamine modulates cortico-striatal synapses that result in the strengthening of those connections that lead to desired outcomes. We propose that there must be a time before which stimuli cannot be processed into functional connections, otherwise it would imply an effective link between stimulus, response, and reward in uterus. Consistent with these ideas, we present evidence that early in development dopamine neurons are electrically immature and do not produce high-frequency firing in response to salient stimuli. We ask first, what makes dopamine neurons immature? and second, what are the implications of this immaturity for the basal ganglia? As an answer to the first question, we find that at birth the outward current is small (3nS-V), insensitive to Ca2+, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. Rapidly after birth, the outward current increases to 15nS-V and becomes sensitive to Ca2+, TEA, BK, and SK blockers. We make a detailed analysis of the kinetics of the components of the outward currents and produce a model for BK and SK channels that we use to reproduce the outward current, and to infer the geometrical arrangement of BK and Ca2+ channels in clusters. In the first cluster, T-type Ca2+ and BK channels are coupled within distances of similar to 20 nm (200 parallel to). The second cluster consists of L-type Ca2+ and BK channels that are spread over distances of at least 60 nm. As for the second question, we propose that early in development, the mechanism of action selection is in a "locked-in" state that would prevent dopamine neurons from reinforcing cortico-striatal synapses that do not have a functional experiential-based value.