Estudio sobre el régimen internacional de la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA y su repercusión en Colombia a partir de la implementación de políticas de reducción y tratamiento del virus desde el año 2003 hasta el 2008

La presente investigación pretende analizar la manera como los lineamientos de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, en el tema específico de la lucha contra el virus del VIH/SIDA, han logrado incidir en las determinaciones de la política interna del Estado Colombiano para la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA. Este estudio resulta interesante desde el punto de vista de las Relaciones Internacionales, por que explica como las instituciones internacionales a partir de la creación de un régimen internacional, logran influir en el comportamiento de los Estados en temas específicos, los cuales, para este caso son las políticas públicas que ha realizado el Estado colombiano con el propósito de tratar a las personas que han contraído el virus en el país Las instituciones internacionales como la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU), han permitido el establecimiento de relaciones de cooperación entre los Estados, en la medida que se han configurado como espacios multilaterales de dialogo cuyo propósito es dar solución a problemas comunes que afectan y ponen en riesgo al sistema internacional. En dicho proceso de diálogo y negociación multilateral, se ha consolidado la creación de un régimen internacional, a partir del cual, los Estados participantes pueden llegar a acogerse voluntariamente influyendo dicha decisión en la elaboración de sus políticas internas.

Human papillomavirus detection from human immunodeficiency virus-infected colombian women's paired urine and cervical samples

Infection, coinfection and type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) distribution was evaluated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women from paired cervical and urine samples. Paired cervical and urine samples (n = 204) were taken from HIV-positive women for identifying HPV-DNA presence by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with three generic primer sets (GP5+/6+, MY09/11 and pU1M/2R). HPV-positive samples were typed for six high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) (HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -45 and -58) and two low-risk (LR-HPV) (HPV-6/11) types. Agreement between paired sample results and diagnostic performance was evaluated. HPV infection prevalence was 70.6% in cervical and 63.2% in urine samples. HPV-16 was the most prevalent HPV type in both types of sample (66.7% in cervical samples and 62.0% in urine) followed by HPV-31(47.2%) in cervical samples and HPV-58 (35.7%) in urine samples. There was 55.4% coinfection (infection by more than one type of HPV) in cervical samples and 40.2% in urine samples. Abnormal Papanicolau smears were observed in 25.3% of the women, presenting significant association with HPV-DNA being identified in urine samples. There was poor agreement of cervical and urine sample results in generic and type-specific detection of HPV. Urine samples provided the best diagnosis when taking cytological findings as reference. In conclusion including urine samples could be a good strategy for ensuring adherence to screening programs aimed at reducing the impact of cervical cancer, since this sample is easy to obtain and showed good diagnostic performance.

Loss of nerve fiber layer in HIV positive patients and comparative patterns in a series of cases in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Objective: The objective of this study is to conduct a description of the features of optic neuropathy associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in relation to their possible incidence within our population, regarding that there is no data in our population in terms of frequency of this pathology (1,2). Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study of a clinical series of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, but AIDS, and the thickness of optic nerve´s layer of fibers studied with OCT technology (optical coherence tomography), patients were cited once captured. OCT was performed by the same observer, by taking 3 shots and picking the one with better reliability. Patients were given personally to the Ophthalmologic Foundation of Santander to conduct the review called OCT (optical coherence tomography). Results: In terms of viral load variable, we found a clear correlation in which validates the hypothesis that lower viral load means a thicker layer of fibers finding statistically significant differences for the 6 hours in right eye and 12 and 6 hours in left eye. Comparison between the known nomogram of fiber layer thickness for the population of Bucaramanga, Santander and thickness found in our sample, we note a clear decrease in the upper and lower quadrants, specifically in 7 hours and 11 hours, being more important in 7 hours, showing statistically significant differences. Conclusions: The pattern  of thinning of the nerve fiber layer in HIV positive patients without AIDS, and antiretroviral treatment type HAART, showed a statistically significant thinning targeted at 7 hours and 11 hours, being higher in first. Viral load figures have a direct relation with loss fiber layer, showing a statistically significant difference for the 6 and 12 hours.