Family Characterization of Young Experimental Consumers of Psychoactive Substances Seen in the Toxicology Department at Colsubsidio

This investigation characterized families of adolescents experimenting with psychoactive substances (PAS) consumption. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a qualitative study with a hermeneutical emphasis was conducted among a population of adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 who have experimented with PAS. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and their families employing a flexible protocol of 14 categories. Results: The findings showed low levels of family cohesion and sense of family identity, inconsistency between educational patterns followed by the parents, as well as deficient parental support. Similarly, the findings indicate significant peer influence during the first stages of consumption of illegal substances. In this regard, the findings suggest that more than providing physical satisfaction, consumption represents a form of acquiring prestige and social position while granting a sensation of psychological, emotional and social well-being. Conclusions: Parental influence was also found considerable in regarding the consumption of legal PAS, like alcohol and tobacco. The study identified as a high-priority need to promote and incorporate communication and conflict resolution skills within the family dynamics by means of prevention and monitoring programs. Those skills and programs would be aimed at providing parents of adolescents experimenting with PAS consumption with new educational tools to orientate new raising guidelines so as to respond appropriately to the problems identified in this study.

On blame-freeness and reciprocity: an experimental study

The theory of reciprocity is predicated on the assumption that people are willing to reward nice or kind acts and to punish unkind ones. This assumption raises the question as to how to define kindness. In this paper we offer a new definition of kindness that we call “blame-freeness.” Put most simply, blame-freeness states that in judging whether player i has been kind or unkind to player j in a social situation, player j would have to put himself in the strategic position of player i, while retaining his preferences, and ask if he would have acted in a manner that was worse than i did under identical circumstances. If j would have acted in a more unkind manner than i acted, then we say that j does not blame i for his behavior. If, however, j would have been nicer than i was, then we say that “j blames i” for his actions (i’s actions were blameworthy). We consider this notion a natural, intuitive and empirically relevant way to explain the motives of people engaged in reciprocal behavior. After developing the conceptual framework, we then test this concept in a laboratory experiment involving tournaments and find significant support for the theory.