El derecho internacional de los derechos humanos: ��l��mite o elemento constitutivo de la democracia? ���A prop��sito de la transici��n uruguaya a la democracia���

La idea de la voluntad del pueblo como expresi��n de la soberan��a es propia de la teor��apol��tica que busca explicar el origen del Estado moderno liberal. La compatibilidad entre lalibertad individual de sujetos considerados iguales y el ejercicio del poder pol��tico requierepensar a los ciudadanos como sujetos libres, y esto se logra cuando el poder que se ejercesobre ellos se concibe como un poder que nace solo de los propios ciudadanos. En laconcepci��n individualista de la democracia, los derechos de los individuos son anteriores ytienen primac��a sobre la pertenencia a la sociedad. Sin embargo, no es necesario asumir estaconcepci��n para defender esa primac��a. Se la puede defender solo respecto de las decisionesde la sociedad. Desde esta posici��n, es posible concebir el conflicto entre soberan��a populary derechos humanos. La transici��n pol��tica uruguaya ejemplifica esa posibilidad. A trav��s de un refer��ndum y un plebiscito convocados por la propia sociedad, la mayor��a aval�� laLey de Caducidad de la Pretensi��n Punitiva del Estado, que impide los juicios por los gravescr��menes cometidos durante la dictadura. La Corte idh declar��, en el 2011, que esa decisi��npopular violaba la cadh y que la soberan��a popular est�� sujeta a los l��mites que le imponenlos derechos humanos. Los an��lisis de esta decisi��n se han centrado en la obligaci��n del Estadode acatarla, pero no en lo que ella significa para la comprensi��n contempor��nea de lademocracia. Eso es lo que pretendo hacer en este art��culo, a trav��s de dos tesis: el conflictose mantiene si el concepto de democracia es un concepto procedimental; y la Corte idhofrece un concepto que abre un camino a la soluci��n del conflicto.

Exploratory Study on Occupational Health Exposure to Chemical Agents, in a Public Hospital in Valencia, Venezuela. Preliminar Assessment

Descriptive study that identified chemical agents (AQ) use and training on risk management and waste disposal techniques in a public Hospital in Valencia. A questionnaire was answered by 48 workers. Information obtained was: personal data, occupational history, AQ used; knowledge of risk management and waste disposal. There were 16 occupations from 12 ���High Risk��� areas. ���Adult emergency��� was the one with more workers (11 individuals), followed by ���sterilization��� and ���clinical laboratory��� (7 each) and oncology (5). The remained areas had less than 8.3% workers. The most used anesthetic agents were: Halothane, Enfluorane and Isofluorane 4.17% each and main antineoplastics used were: Doxorubicin 16.67% and Paclitaxel, 5-Fluoracil and Etoposide, 8.33% each. The most mentioned substances were: alcohol (70.8%) and Chlorine (64.6%). None of the answers regarding knowledge of AQ��� risk management and waste disposal was satisfactory. Statistical associations between training and several variables such as age, time in their job and being or not a professional, resulted non-significant. The correlation between training and the knowledge of AQ���s management was significant (p < 0.001). Participants showed that their knowledge about chemical occupational risk factors they are exposed to is still insufficient. Therefore, this theme should be included in graduate course curricula. These results provide important data and will serve as a pilot research for the follow up Phase II study that will include clinical aspects and environmental and biological monitoring.

cultural field of the seventeenth century in Spain and New Granada

The article aims to make visible some nuances of the 17TH century in Spain and the New Granada with emphasis on articulations and tensions that made up this cultural and social space through the analysis of the letrados and its position in the Hispanic cultural field of the 16th and 17TH centuries. This article also discusses the traditional thesis about the cultural isolation and obscurantism in the American colonies before the eighteenth century through the analysis of the circulation of books and knowledge between mainland Spain and its colonies, and the heterogeneous character of the lawyers that affect the symbolic monopoly of the Catholic Church.