Provisional coverage for independent workers

The study examines how, from the traditional work of the independent artisan, we have moved to autonomous work integrated within networks of specialized businesses. This modality is owed not only to the manner in which labor is organized today, to government stimuli, to actions of multilaterals, but also to unemployment. With the purpose of humanizing independent work and rationalizing business costs, an intermediate category of autonomous worker has been created; the semi-dependent who moves between legal freedom and economic independence. The administration, for its part, focuses on broadening social coverage, not always developed for bureaucratic reasons, which is connected to the low density of contributions from the autonomous workers. The challenge put forth is that of provisional coverage for the independents, which is possible whenever citizens participate to resolve social inequality, resulting from the lack of job opportunities, low purchasing power and educational level. 

Valor en riesgo del portafolio de TES de los bancos colombianos

En este trabajo se realiza la medición del riesgo de mercado para el portafolio de TES de un banco colombiano determinado, abordando el pronóstico de valor en riesgo (VaR) mediante diferentes modelos multivariados de volatilidad: EWMA, GARCH ortogonal, GARCH robusto, así como distintos modelos de VaR con distribución normal y distribución t-student, evaluando su eficiencia con las metodologías de backtesting propuestas por Candelon et al. (2011) con base en el método generalizado de momentos, junto con los test de independencia y de cobertura condicional planteados por Christoffersen y Pelletier (2004) y por Berkowitz, Christoffersen y Pelletier (2010). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la mejor especificación del VaR para la medición del riesgo de mercado del portafolio de TES de los bancos colombianos, es el construido a partir de volatilidades EWMA y basado en la distribución normal, ya que satisface las hipótesis de cobertura no condicional, independencia y cobertura condicional, al igual que los requerimientos estipulados en Basilea II y en la normativa vigente en Colombia.

Between the headlines of the Israeli - Arabic conflict: the coverage of CNN and Al Jazeera

The purpose of this article is to analyze the coverage made by CNN and Al Jazeera (in Arabic) to operation Caste Lead and the Goldstone Report during 2008 and 2009. This investigation is based in the theory of Qualitative Analysis of Content, by Wildemuth and Zhang. The methodology follows up with the one proposed by the authors in the main theory, complementing it with the Gamson and Modigliani´s Framing theory. The methodology mention above display the different in the coverage development, determined by the geopolitical influences; being CNN more influenced by a Western pro USA and pro Israeli speech, while Al Jazeera is more prone to support the Palestinian cause, this is the thesis of this article. During the development of the investigation, the thesis was demonstrated to be only partially accurate as CNN was not completely supportive to the Israeli arguments during the coverage, but Al Jazeera did have preferential speech for the Palestinian cause.