Variación de la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra: la violación en la guerra no es inevitable

La violencia sexual varía dramáticamente de una guerra a otra, y, en ocasiones, de un grupo armado a otro dentro de una misma guerra. Sin embargo, en algunos conflictos la violencia sexual perpetrada por determinados grupos armados es especialmente limitada, pese aque estos cometen otro tipo de violencia contra civiles. Ciertos grupos cometen actos de violencia sexual solo contra mujeres, mientras que otros también lo hacen contra hombres. Los científicos sociales están documentando y analizando con una frecuencia cada vez mayor esta variación en los patrones de violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra, particularmente en cuanto a las distintas dimensiones de violencia (su forma, frecuencia, blancos ypropósitos), así como en lo referente a los cambios en estos cuatro patrones a través del tiempo. Por tal razón, en este texto, en primer lugar, introduzco conceptos clave, incluyendo estas cuatro dimensiones y el concepto de violencia sexual como práctica (un patrón que no es ordenado pero sí tolerado por los comandantes, y que ocurretanto en casos en los que hay beneficios estratégicos como en los que no los hay). Después, resumo brevemente las investigaciones recientes que documentan patronesde violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra. Tras mostrar que muchos abordajes presentes en la literatura publicada no dan cuenta de la variación observada –dehecho, muchos predicen más violencia sexual que los trágicos niveles observados–,propongo un marco teórico centrado en las dinámicas internas de los grupos armados. Luego, analizo las condiciones en las cuales los grupos armados no llevan a cabo violaciones, aquellas en las que realizan violaciones estratégicas y aquellas en las que las violaciones se cometen como práctica. A lo largo del artículo, me valgo de hallazgos recientes en la literatura de las ciencias sociales, algunos de ellos todavía no publicados. Concluyo con la implicación de este análisis para la formulación de políticas públicas: la variación observada en la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra, particularmente la ausencia relativa de este tipo de violencia por parte de muchos grupos armados, indica que la violación no es inevitable en la guerra.

The influence of culture on parental styles in social vulnerability contexts

The objectives of this study are: (a) to analyze if the relationship between parenting dimensions and children adjustment regarding coping strategies are similar in Argentinian and Spanish samples within poverty contexts; (b) to compare parental dimensions in the two groups studied, and (c) to determine the efficiency of parenting through the study of their influence in children coping strategies. The Graffar-Méndez Castellano Scale (Méndez-Castellano & Méndez, 1994), that brings a socioeconomic description of the population; an Argentinian Scale of Children Perception of Parental Relationships for 8 to 12 years of age (Richaud, 2007a), and the Argentine Questionnaire of Coping for children (Richaud, 2006) were administered to a sample of 458 Spanish and Argentinian children from 8 to 12 years old. Correlations were carried out to analyze the relationships between parenting dimensions and children coping strategies in both groups, and MANOVA, to study if there were different parental dimensions in the two groups —Argentina and Spain—, and to analyze if there were differences in children coping strategies. The results indicate that correlational pattern is similar in both groups, but parental dimensions are different for each culture, being the Argentinian parents more neglectful than Spanish parents. At the same time, Argentinian children adopt coping strategies less efficient that the Spanish children ones, involving in that way a greater emotional conflict.

Brief neuropsychological assessment of adults post-stroke in the left hemisphere

The neuropsychological assessment investigates cognitive deficits to improve the diagnosis, the prognosis and the rehabilitation of patients. In Brazil, stroke is a major cause of hospitalization and the leading cause of mortality and disability. The stroke in the left hemisphere (LH) is associated with different degrees of loss of language and other cognitive impairments, for example, in the memory. We compared the performance in brief neuropsychological tasks of the left hemisphere poststroke patients, without moderate or severe aphasia, with healthy controls. A list of 135 patients was selected based on inclusion criteria. The study included 15 patients with left stroke, paired by sex, age and education to 30 neurologically healthy adults. The data resulting from application of the Neupsilin Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument were analyzed with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U. Adults with LH stroke showed a significant reduction in performance when compared to healthy controls on language, working memory and ideomotor praxis, results also found in other studies of patients with left hemisphere stroke

Self-medication and related terms: a conceptual reflection

Introduction: self-medication has become a growing practice in the world population. This phenomenon has been promoted as a form of self-care, with a positive impact on reducing spending in health systems, however there is concern about the potential negative effects related to inadequate diagnosis and treatment, which can affect health of individuals. This dual perception of the phenomenon is partly related to a variety of terms and concepts used, that make difficult its theoretical and empirical approach. Harmonization of the definitions involved is required in order to make adequate epidemiological comparisons. Objectives: analyze the concept of self medication and related terms from the definitions in the literature of the subject. Conclusions: in the last four decades it has been an evolution of both the wording and the definitions related to self-medication, from a very simple concept that implies the absence of prescription, to more complex ones that encompass very diverse behaviors, even those mediated by an act of prescription but not followed or not completed by the patient. Additionally the conceptual proliferation seen, justify the ordering of the terms related to self-medication. This paper presents a proposal for classification in four groups: a. self-medication, b. self care, c. pharmaceutical preparations and medicines, and d. prescription. This proposal should facilitate the exploration and analysis of the phenomenon and allow future theoretical approaches.

Sustainable urban criteria in the urban periphery of Guadalajara

The study of the growth of large cities, in the urban periphery or the peri-urban areas specifically, it relates to environmental degradation due to urbanization, if it is estimated that since 2008 more than half of the world population living in urban areas, this sector is affected as it presents overcrowding, segregation and deterioration of physical conditions, which will impact on the social aspects within localities. This great urban growth has usually developed with the lack of environmental planning.So it is necessary to include urban development, guidelines towards environmental conservation and rehabilitation of the territory. The future of cities will depend largely on the actions taken now. As urban development inevitably requires planning urban settlements through sustainable development so as to provide alternative technologies, based on the reality of Latin American countries.In the peripheral area of the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara, is taken as a case study of the town of La Venta del Astillero, which by its nature allows access and functionality to develop a set of criteria and indicators to urban sustainability, which can take as a model for other communities in the urban periphery.