Description of the risk factors for relapse in patients diagnosed with severe mental disorders

Objective: The objective of this paper is to describe the population served in mental health institutionsfor mental illness relapse, and the process of identifying risk factors in relapsing patientsdiagnosed with severe mental illness. To this end a descriptive exploratory multicenter, multistageepidemiological study was carried out in mental health institutions of the Order of San Juan deDios Hospital (OHSJD) with hospitalized relapsing patients with a diagnosis of severe mentaldisorder. This study comes from a working network of Psychology professionals in the OHSJDnationwide. Materials and methods: The population sample was of 1005 patients diagnosed withsevere mental disorders, who had presented relapse during the last year. First, the characterizationof the general population was conducted; then, it was narrowed down to the centers, taking intoaccount similarities and differences found according to the clinical and demographic variables.Results: Major risk factors for relapse found in patients diagnosed with severe mental disorderswere: having between 38 and 58 years of age, being female, single, graduates, unemployed, witha prevalence of bipolar affective disorder diagnosis, number of hospitalizations between 2 and10, number of drugs at the time of leaving hospital 2 to 6, with severe difficulties relating withothers and difficulties in adherence to treatment. The need for a caregiver was also found, as wellas a limited number of received psychological interventions. How the system of beliefs affects thedisease and the poor adherence to treatment was identified. Conclusions: These results indicatethe requirement of a design of team intervention strategies, ranging from the assessment team(home), definition of therapeutic action plans (for) and the posthospitalizacion (egress) following.There is a poor support network and limited adherence to comprehensive treatment.

Esquizofrenia, genética, epigênesis, ambiente: uma revisão sistemática das hipóteses etiológicas unifi cadas e do perfi l genética; e um novo algoritmo para o tratamento dos achados principais

Contexto: la esquizofrenia es un síndrome complejo relacionado con genes y factores de riesgo no genéticos. Estudios epidemiológicos reconocidos reportan su presencia en todas las culturas y regiones geográficas. En este sentido, las Hipótesis Etiológicas Unificadas enfrentan simultáneamente el desafío de presentar los datos experimentales y demostrar que éstos dan cuenta del perfil universal del síndrome. Objetivos: revisar sistemáticamente las más prominentes Hipótesis Etiológicas Unifi - cadas, así como la distribución semántica de los hallazgos genéticos (mediante técnicas de minería de datos) y proponer un nuevo modelo, basado en los efectos dinámicos de carácter epigenético sobre la activación genética en el neurodesarrollo y la pubertad. Resultados: de manera general, las Hipótesis Etiológicas Unificadas contradicen los  principales hallazgos genéticos (que sugieren que la esquizofrenia está asociada al perfil de neurotransmisores como D-1 y la cascada Glutamato-NMDA); también, por regla general, los hallazgos genéticos se encuentran esparcidos por todo el genoma (tal como revelamos en un mapa topológico de los 3519 estudios en el asunto). La clave para este estado complejo de cosas puede estar representada por la asociación entre la perspectiva de que cada polimorfismo asociado a la esquizofrenia representa un factor de riesgo estadístico (es decir, aumentando el riesgo de inestabilidades del desarrollo), mientras que las cascadas moleculares de carácter epigenético y los factores de riesgo ambientales permanecen actuantes mediante la activación de genes en períodos críticos.