Cusinova

En el mundo se observa una serie de cambios drásticos, rápidos y contundentes, es decir es un mundo dinámico, afectado por la globalización, la industrialización y el aumento de la población, estos cambios han traído mejores condiciones de vida, desarrollo y comodidad pero esta serie de cambios no vienen solos, variables como la contaminación, el desorden y extinción de animales son un efecto negativo del desarrollo humano.Por tal motivo es de gran importancia tener en cuenta estas variables negativas mitigándolas o disminuyéndolas para devolverle al planeta un poco de lo que nos ha ofrecido. Es claro que hoy en día la tendencia sobre desarrollo sustentable está en crecimiento observando como la sociedad ha hecho esfuerzos para mejorar el ecosistema. De acuerdo a estas características dadas por el mercado contemporáneo ha nacido CUSINOVA, una empresa la cual comenzó como idea en el 2013, gracias a la gestión y dedicación de su creador paso de ser una idea a una empresa establecida en el 2015

Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies

Most speciation events probably occur gradually, without complete and immediate reproductive isolation, but the full extent of gene flow between diverging species has rarely been characterized on a genome-wide scale. Documenting the extent and timing of admixture between diverging species can clarify the role of geographic isolation in speciation. Here we use new methodology to quantify admixture at different stages of divergence in Heliconius butterflies, based on whole-genome sequences of 31 individuals. Comparisons between sympatric and allopatric populations of H. melpomene, H. cydno, and H. timareta revealed a genome-wide trend of increased shared variation in sympatry, indicative of pervasive interspecific gene flow. Up to 40% of 100-kb genomic windows clustered by geography rather than by species, demonstrating that a very substantial fraction of the genome has been shared between sympatric species. Analyses of genetic variation shared over different time intervals suggested that admixture between these species has continued since early in speciation. Alleles shared between species during recent time intervals displayed higher levels of linkage disequilibrium than those shared over longer time intervals, suggesting that this admixture took place at multiple points during divergence and is probably ongoing. The signal of admixture was significantly reduced around loci controlling divergent wing patterns, as well as throughout the Z chromosome, consistent with strong selection for Müllerian mimicry and with known Z-linked hybrid incompatibility. Overall these results show that species divergence can occur in the face of persistent and genome-wide admixture over long periods of time.

Sustainable Development and the Right to Water in Colombia

Water, considered as an environmental resource and as an economic and social good, should be part of the Colombian public agenda, not only not only in terms of the use and preservation of hydro resources, but also in terms of the social implications of its possession and use. The world wide preoccupation with the diminution of natural resources, species extinction and water shortage has its origins in the seventies. One of the results was the establishment of international conventions and agreements to achieve responsible management of natural resources. Regarding water as a resource, it is intrinsically bound to the Earth’s natural processes and ecosystems. As regards the Colombian case, the “right to water in Colombia” is analyzed taking into account: water as an integral part of sustainable development, the right to water as a global debate and, finally, the right to water in the Colombian context within the explanatory framework of the Water Referendum.